海

海 U+6D77, 海
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6D77
← 浶
[U+6D76] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 浸 →
[U+6D78]

海 U+FA45, 海
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-FA45
← 梅
[U+FA44] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs 渚 →
[U+FA46]
海 U+2F901, 海
CJK COMPATIBILITY IDEOGRAPH-2F901
← 派
[U+2F900] 		CJK Compatibility Ideographs Supplement 流 →
[U+2F902]

Translingual
Japanese 海
Simplified 海
Traditional 海
Stroke order
10 strokes

Alternative forms

In Chinese, the bottom right component is 母 with 2 dots, yielding 海. In Japanese shinjitai, this component is simplified to 毋 (1 cross stroke), yielding 海 (氵+毎). Both forms are encoded under the same Unicode codepoint – see Han unification.

Han character

海 (Kangxi radical 85, 水+7 in Chinese and Korean, 水+6 in Japanese, 10 strokes in Chinese and Korean, 9 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 水人田卜 (EOWY) or 水人田十 (EOWJ), four-corner 38157, composition ⿰氵每(GHTKV or U+FA45) or ⿰氵毎(J or U+2F901))

Derived characters
  • 嗨, 𢲨, 𤍃, 𫗀, 𥉪, 𤀇, 𦷫, 𬕧, 𩘫, 塰

Further reading

Chinese
simp. and trad.
 海

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 海
Western Zhou Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (母) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
脢 *mɯːs, *mɯː, *mɯːs
挴 *mlɯːʔ, *mɯːʔ
海 *hmlɯːʔ
毐 *ʔmɯː, *ʔmɯːʔ
呣 *mɯ
拇 *mɯʔ
母 *mɯʔ
胟 *mɯʔ
姆 *mɯʔ, *mɯs, *maːʔ
畮 *mɯʔ
踇 *mɯʔ
苺 *mɯs, *mɯːʔ, *mɯːs
莓 *mɯs, *mɯː, *mɯːs
敏 *mrɯʔ, *mrɯŋʔ
鰵 *mrɯŋʔ
慜 *mrɯŋʔ
毋 *ma
梅 *mɯː
酶 *mɯː
鋂 *mɯː
每 *mɯːʔ
毎 *mɯːs
痗 *mɯːs, *hmɯːs
晦 *hmɯːs
誨 *hmɯːs
悔 *hmɯːʔ, *hmɯːs
霉 *mrɯl

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *hmlɯːʔ) : semantic 氵 (“water”) + phonetic 每 (OC *mɯːʔ).

Etymology

Probably related to 晦 (OC *hmɯːs, “dark”); in numerous Zhou texts 海 is described as 晦 (Schuessler, 2007). Compare the parallelism in Chinese: 溟 (OC *meːŋ, *meːŋʔ, “ocean”) < 冥 (OC *meːŋ, “dark”).

STEDT compares 海 (OC *hmlɯːʔ) to Proto-Sino-Tibetan *muːŋ ~ r/s-muːk (“foggy; dark; sullen; menacing; thunder”).

Pronunciation

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 海
Mandarin Beijing /xai²¹⁴/
Harbin /xai²¹³/
Tianjin /xai¹³/
Jinan /xɛ⁵⁵/
Qingdao /xɛ⁵⁵/
Zhengzhou /xai⁵³/
Xi'an /xai⁵³/
Xining /xɛ⁵³/
Yinchuan /xɛ⁵³/
Lanzhou /xɛ⁴⁴²/
Ürümqi /xai⁵¹/
Wuhan /xai⁴²/
Chengdu /xai⁵³/
Guiyang /xai⁴²/
Kunming /xæ⁵³/
Nanjing /xae²¹²/
Hefei /xe̞²⁴/
Jin Taiyuan /xai⁵³/
Pingyao /xæ⁵³/
Hohhot /xɛ⁵³/
Wu Shanghai /he³⁵/
Suzhou /he̞⁵¹/
Hangzhou /he̞⁵³/
Wenzhou /he³⁵/
Hui Shexian /xɛ³⁵/
Tunxi /xuə³¹/
Xiang Changsha /xai⁴¹/
Xiangtan /xai⁴²/
Gan Nanchang /hai²¹³/
Hakka Meixian /hoi³¹/
Taoyuan /hoi³¹/
Cantonese Guangzhou /hɔi³⁵/
Nanning /hɔi³⁵/
Hong Kong /hɔi³⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hai⁵³/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /hai³²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /xuɛ²¹/
Shantou (Teochew) /hai⁵³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /hai²¹³/
Rime
Character 海
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 曉 (32)
Final (韻) 咍 (41)
Tone (調) Rising (X)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) I
Fanqie 呼改切
Baxter xojX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /hʌiX/
Pan
Wuyun		 /həiX/
Shao
Rongfen		 /xɒiX/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /həjX/
Li
Rong		 /xᴀiX/
Wang
Li		 /xɒiX/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /xɑ̆iX/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 hǎi
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 hoi2
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 海
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 hǎi
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ xojX ›
Old
Chinese		 /*m̥ˁəʔ/ (dialect *m̥ˁ- > x-)
English sea

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 海
Reading # 1/1
No. 9283
Phonetic
component		 母
Rime
group		 之
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 海
Old
Chinese		 /*hmlɯːʔ/

Definitions

海

  1. sea; ocean
    好想去看海。  ―  Hǎo xiǎng qù kàn hǎi.  ―  I really want to go and look at the sea.
  2. big lake
    洱海  ―  Ěrhǎi  ―  Er Lake
  3. (Cantonese) wide river
  4. (of containers, amount, etc.) big; large
    海碗  ―  hǎiwǎn  ―  extra large bowl
    海量  ―  hǎiliàng  ―  huge amount
    海投  ―  hǎi tóu  ―  to send résumés to many companies; to use shotgun approach in job hunting
    海扁  ―  hǎi biǎn  ―  (slang) to beat someone tremendously
    海咪咪  ―  hǎi mīmī  ―  (slang) big boobs
  5. overseas; abroad
    海棗／海枣  ―  hǎizǎo  ―  date palm
  6. (figurative) sea; abundance; infiniteness
    人海  ―  rénhǎi  ―  huge crowd
    火海  ―  huǒhǎi  ―  sea of flames
  7. (dialectal, colloquial) profuse; numerous
  8. (dialectal, colloquial) unrestrainedly; randomly; casually
  9. a surname. Hai (mainland China, Taiwan), Hoi (Hong Kong)
    海瑞  ―  Hǎi Ruì  ―  Hai Rui (Chinese scholar-official of the Ming dynasty)

Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 海 (“sea”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 海
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 海
Mandarin Beijing 海
Taiwan 海
Jinan 海
Xi'an 海
Wuhan 海
Chengdu 海
Yangzhou 海
Hefei 海
Malaysia 海
Singapore 海
Cantonese Guangzhou 海
Hong Kong 海
Yangjiang 海
Gan Nanchang 海
Hakka Meixian 海
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 海
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 海
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 海
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 海
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 海
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 海
Jin Taiyuan 海
Northern Min Jian'ou 海
Eastern Min Fuzhou 海
Southern Min Xiamen 海
Chaozhou 海
Wu Shanghai 海
Suzhou 海
Wenzhou 海
Xiang Changsha 海
Shuangfeng 海

Compounds

Descendants
Sino-Xenic (海):
  • → Japanese: 海(かい) (kai)
  • → Korean: 해(海) (hae)
  • → Vietnamese: hải (海)

Others:

  • → Bouyei: haaic
  • → Zhuang: haij

References

Japanese
Shinjitai 海
Kyūjitai
[1]
海
&#xFA45;
or
海+&#xFE00;?
海󠄀
海+&#xE0100;?
(Adobe-Japan1)
海󠄃
海+&#xE0103;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji
海

(grade 2 “Kyōiku” kanji, shinjitai kanji, kyūjitai form 海)

  1. sea, ocean
  2. vastly gathered
  3. large, wide

Readings

Compounds
Compounds

Etymology 1
Kanji in this term
海
うみ
Grade: 2
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
海 (kyūjitai)

⟨umi1⟩ → */umij/ → /umi/

From Old Japanese, theorized as descending from Proto-Japonic *omi.

Has been thought to have been derived from a compound. There are two leading theories regarding the ultimate derivation:

This is problematic phonetically because there is no known term having a related shift from /opo/ → /oː/ → /o/ → /u/, and semantically as there already exists a compound 大水 (ōmizu, “flood”).
  • From う (u-, stem indicating “ocean”) + 水 (mi, “water”, combining form). The u- stem is evident in 魚 (uo, “fish”) and 潮 (ushio, “salt water; tide”), and in the 海 (una) element in various ancient terms (see below).[3]

Pronunciation

Noun

海(うみ) • (umi) 

  1. a sea, an ocean
    Antonym: 陸 (oka, riku)
    海(うみ)の中(なか)にはいろんな生(い)き物(もの)が暮(く)らしています。
    Umi no naka ni wa ironna ikimono ga kurashiteimasu.
    There are all sorts of creatures living in the sea.
    海(うみ)に行(い)こうよ！
    Umi ni ikō yo!
    Let's go to the beach!
  2. a lake
    Synonym: 湖 (mizuumi)
  3. (figurative) an object covering over a large area, as in 血の海 (chi no umi, “pool of blood”) or 火の海 (hi no umi, “sea of fire”)
  4. (planetology) a mare (dark surface of a celestial body, thought to appear like a sea)
  5. (calligraphy) in a 硯 (suzuri, “inkstone”), a reservoir where water is stored
    Synonym: 池 (ike)
Usage notes
  • This is the most common general term in modern Japanese for sea or ocean.
Derived terms
Derived terms
Idioms
  • 海(うみ)を渡(わた)る (umi o wataru, “cross over the ocean → go to a foreign country”)

Proper noun

海(うみ) • (Umi) 

  1. a female given name

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
海
うな
Grade: 2
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
海 (kyūjitai)

From Old Japanese. Thought to be comprised of う (u-, stem indicating “ocean”) + な (na, ancient alternative form of the possessive particle の (no)).[6] The u- stem is also evident in 魚 (uo, “fish”) and 潮 (ushio, “salt water; tide”).

First cited to the Nihon Shoki of 720 CE.[6]

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [ɯ̟ᵝna̠]

Prefix

海(うな) • (una-) 

  1. of the sea, of the ocean
Derived terms
Derived terms

Etymology 3
Kanji in this term
海
わた
Grade: 2
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
海 (kyūjitai)

From Old Japanese.

Probably related to Korean 바다 (bada, “ocean, sea”); perhaps an ancient Koreanic borrowing into Japanese.

Also read as wada.[7]

Pronunciation

Noun

海(わた) • (wata) 

  1. (obsolete) sea, ocean
Derived terms
Derived terms

Etymology 4
Kanji in this term
海
み
Grade: 2
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
海 (kyūjitai)

Either cognate with 水 (mi, “water”), or an abbreviation of umi above.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [mʲi]

Noun

海(み) • (mi) 

  1. (obsolete) sea, ocean
Derived terms

Etymology 5
Kanji in this term
海
かい
Grade: 2
on’yomi
Alternative spelling
海 (kyūjitai)

From Middle Chinese 海 (MC xojX).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [ka̠i]

Affix

海(かい) • (kai) 

  1. sea; ocean

References
  1. “海”, in 漢字ぺディア (Kanjipedia)‎ (in Japanese), 日本漢字能力検定協会, 2015–2024
  2. “海”, in 日本大百科全書：ニッポニカ (Nippon Dai Hyakka Zensho: Nipponica, “Encyclopedia Nipponica”)‎ (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 1984
  3. “海／うみ”, in 語源由来辞典 (Gogen Yurai Jiten, “Etymology Derivation Dictionary”) (in Japanese), 2003–2024.
  4. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  5. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  6. Shōgaku Tosho (1988) 国語大辞典（新装版） [Unabridged Dictionary of Japanese (Revised Edition)] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Shogakukan, →ISBN
  7. “わた 【海】”, in 日本国語大辞典 (Nihon Kokugo Daijiten, “Nihon Kokugo Daijiten”) Paid subscription required‎ (in Japanese), 2nd edition, Tōkyō: Shogakukan, 2000, released online 2007, →ISBN, concise edition entry available here (Note: Dialectal meanings, etymological theories, pronunciation including modern, dialectal, and historical information, Jōdai Tokushu Kanazukai, historical dictionaries containing this word, and the kanji spellings in those dictionaries have been omitted.)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 海 (MC xojX).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448ᄒᆡᆼ〯 (Yale: hǒy)
Middle Korean
TextEumhun
Gloss (hun)Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527바다〮 (Yale: pàtá)ᄒᆡ〯 (Yale: hǒy)

Pronunciation
  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [hɛ(ː)] ~ [he̞(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [해(ː)/헤(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource 海 (eumhun 바다 해 (bada hae))

  1. Hanja form? of 해 (“sea; ocean”). [affix]

Compounds
Compounds

References
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

海: Hán Việt readings: hải (呼(hô)改(cải)切(thiết))[1][2][3][4][5]
海: Nôm readings: hẩy[1][2][3][6], hải[1][2][7][4], hái[1], hơi[1], hãi[2], hỏi[2]

  1. chữ Hán form of hải (“sea; ocean”).
  2. Nôm form of hẩy (“to toss; to throw”).

Compounds
Compounds

References
  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
  4. Bonet (1899).
  5. Génibrel (1898).
  6. Hồ (1976).
  7. Taberd & Pigneau de Béhaine (1838).
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