硯

See also: 砚 and 石見

硯	U+786F, 硯 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-786F

← 确
[U+786E]

CJK Unified Ideographs

硰 →
[U+7870]

Translingual

Han character

硯 (Kangxi radical 112, 石+7, 12 strokes, cangjie input 一口月山山 (MRBUU), four-corner 1661₀, composition ⿰石見)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 831, character 8

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 24233

Dae Jaweon: page 1247, character 6

Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2433, character 5

Unihan data for U+786F

Chinese

trad.		硯
simp.		砚

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 硯
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (見) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
涀	ɡeːlʔ, kʰeːns, *ɡeːns
莧	*ɡreːns
粯	*ɡreːns
晛	ŋl'eːns, ɡeːnʔ
筧	*keːnʔ
絸	*keːnʔ
垷	keːnʔ, ɡeːnʔ
挸	*keːnʔ
見	keːns, ɡeːns
俔	kʰeːns, ɡeːnʔ
蜆	kʰeːns, qʰeːnʔ, *ɡeːnʔ
硯	ŋɡeːn, ŋɡeːns
峴	*ɡeːnʔ
哯	*ɡeːnʔ
睍	*ɡeːnʔ
現	*ɡeːns

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): yàn (yan⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄧㄢˋ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): yan⁴
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): jin⁶, jin^6-2

(Taishan, Wiktionary): ngun⁴
Gan (Wiktionary): nyien⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): yen / yan

(Meixian, Guangdong): yan⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): ie³
Northern Min (KCR): mīng
Eastern Min (BUC): ngiéng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hīⁿ / giān / hiān

(Teochew, Peng'im): in⁷ / ngi⁷
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁶gni
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): nyienn⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄧㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yàn
  - Wade–Giles: yen⁴
  - Yale: yàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yann
  - Palladius: янь (janʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jɛn⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: yan⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: ian
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /iɛn²¹³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: jin⁶, jin^6-2
  - Yale: yihn, yín
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jin⁶, jin^6-2
  - Guangdong Romanization: yin⁶, yin^6-2
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jiːn²²/, /jiːn²²⁻³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ngun⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ᵑɡun²¹/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: nyien⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /n̠ʲiɛn¹¹/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yen
  - Hakka Romanization System: ien
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yan⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /i̯en⁵⁵/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yan
  - Hakka Romanization System: (r)ian
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yan⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯an⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: yan⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ian⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: ie³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /ie⁴⁵/
Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: mīng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /miŋ⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: ngiéng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ŋiɛŋ²¹³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese, Kinmen, Magong)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hīⁿ
  - Tâi-lô: hīnn
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hvi
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hĩ³³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /hĩ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Kinmen): /hĩ²²/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: giān
  - Tâi-lô: giān
  - Phofsit Daibuun: gien
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /ɡiɛn²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ɡiɛn⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: General Taiwanese, dated in Xiamen, dated in Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hiān
  - Tâi-lô: hiān
  - Phofsit Daibuun: hien
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /hiɛn²²/
  - IPA (Taipei, Kaohsiung): /hiɛn³³/

Note:

hīⁿ - vernacular;
giān/hiān - literary.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: in⁷ / ngi⁷
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: īⁿ / ngī
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ĩ¹¹/, /ŋi¹¹/

Note:

in7 - Chaozhou, Shantou, Chenghai;
ngi7 - Jieyang, Chaoyang.

Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ⁶gni
  - MiniDict: nyi^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³nyi
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /n̠ʲi²³/
Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: nyienn⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /n̠ʲi̯ẽ²¹/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 硯
Mandarin	Beijing	/ian⁵¹/
	Harbin	/ian⁵³/
	Tianjin	/ian⁵³/
	Jinan	/iã²¹/
	Qingdao	/iã⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ian³¹²/
	Xi'an	/iã⁴⁴/
	Xining	/iã²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/ian¹³/
	Lanzhou	/iɛ̃n¹³/
	Ürümqi	/ian²¹³/
	Wuhan	/niɛn³⁵/
	Chengdu	/ȵian¹³/
	Guiyang	/nian²¹³/
	Kunming	/iɛ̃²¹²/
	Nanjing	/ien⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/iĩ⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ie⁴⁵/
	Pingyao	/ȵie̞³⁵/
	Hohhot	/ie⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/ȵi²³/
	Suzhou	/ȵiɪ³¹/
	Hangzhou	/ʔiẽ̞⁴⁴⁵/
	Wenzhou	/ȵi²²/
Hui	Shexian	/ne²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/ȵiɛ¹¹/
Xiang	Changsha	/ȵiẽ⁵⁵/ /ȵiẽ¹¹/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/ȵiẽ²¹/
Gan	Nanchang	/ȵiɛn²¹/
Hakka	Meixian	/ian⁵³/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/ʒen⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/jin²²/
	Nanning	/jin²²/
	Hong Kong	/jin²²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/gian²²/ /hĩ²²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/ŋiɛŋ²¹²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/ŋiŋ⁴⁴/ /miŋ⁴⁴/ 俗
	Shantou (Teochew)	/ĩ³¹/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/ŋi²³/

Middle Chinese: ngenH

Rime
Character	硯
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	疑 (31)
Final (韻)	先 (85)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	IV
Fanqie	吾甸切
Baxter	ngenH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ŋen^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ŋen^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ŋɛn^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ŋɛn^H/
Li Rong	/ŋen^H/
Wang Li	/ŋien^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ŋien^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jin⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*C.[ŋ]ˤe[r]-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*ŋɡeːn/, /*ŋɡeːns/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	硯
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	yàn
Middle Chinese	‹ ngen^H ›
Old Chinese	/*C.[ŋ]ˁe[r]-s/ (< uvular)
English	smooth stone; inkstone
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	硯	硯
Reading #	1/2	2/2
No.	6196	6197
Phonetic component	見	見
Rime group	元	元
Rime subdivision	2	2
Corresponding MC rime	姸	硯
Old Chinese	/*ŋɡeːn/	/*ŋɡeːns/

Definitions

硯

inkstone

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 硯臺 (“inkstone; ink slab”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		硯
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		硯臺
Mandarin	Beijing	硯臺
	Taiwan	硯臺
	Tianjin	硯臺
	Chengde	硯臺
	Tangshan	硯臺
	Cangzhou	硯臺
	Baoding	硯臺
	Shijiazhuang	硯臺
	Chifeng	硯臺
	Hulunbuir (Hailar)	硯臺
	Heihe	硯臺, 墨盤兒
	Qiqihar	硯臺
	Harbin	硯臺, 墨盤, 墨盤子
	Jiamusi	硯臺, 墨盤
	Baicheng	硯臺, 墨盤
	Changchun	墨盤
	Tonghua	墨盤
	Shenyang	硯臺, 墨盤子
	Dandong	硯臺, 墨盤
	Jinzhou	硯臺, 墨盤子, 墨盤兒
	Dalian	硯臺
	Yantai	硯臺
	Yantai (Muping)	墨盤子, 墨石盤子
	Qingdao	硯臺
	Lijin	硯臺
	Zhucheng	硯臺
	Jinan	硯臺
	Jining	硯臺, 硯汪兒
	Luoyang	硯花
	Wanrong	硯凹
	Shangqiu	硯臺, 硯瓦
	Yuanyang	硯臺, 硯花
	Zhengzhou	硯臺
	Lingbao	硯汪
	Xinyang	硯瓦
	Hanzhong	硯臺, 硯盤
	Xi'an	硯臺, 硯瓦 usually coarse
	Baoji	硯臺
	Yinchuan	硯臺, 硯窩, 硯瓦
	Tianshui	硯瓦
	Lanzhou	硯臺, 硯瓦
	Dunhuang	硯臺
	Xining	硯臺
	Hami	硯臺, 硯瓦
	Ürümqi	硯臺, 硯瓦
	Wuhan	硯池, 硯盤, 硯臺, 墨盤
	Yichang	硯臺, 墨盤
	Xiangyang	硯臺, 墨盤, 硯窩
	Tianmen	硯臺, 硯盤
	Hong'an	硯臺, 硯池
	Chengdu	墨盤, 墨盤兒, 硯臺
	Nanchong	硯臺, 墨盤
	Dazhou	硯臺, 墨盤兒
	Hanyuan	硯臺
	Xichang	硯臺, 墨盤
	Zigong	墨盤
	Chongqing	墨盤兒
	Guiyang	硯臺, 墨盤
	Zunyi	硯臺
	Bijie	硯臺
	Liping	硯碗, 墨碗
	Zhaotong	硯臺, 硯瓦
	Dali	硯臺, 硯瓦
	Kunming	硯臺, 硯瓦, 墨盤
Mengzi	硯瓦
Guilin	硯池
Liuzhou	硯, 墨盤
Jishou	硯子
Changde	硯臺
Anqing	硯臺
Xuzhou	硯臺, 墨羅子 large
Fuyang	硯臺, 硯瓦
Wuhu	硯臺
Yangzhou	硯臺
Lianyungang	硯臺, 墨海
Lianshui	硯臺
Nanjing	硯臺, 墨池 large, bowl-shaped
Hefei	硯臺
Nantong	硯臺
Yanping	硯瓦
Cantonese	Guangzhou	墨硯
	Hong Kong	墨硯
	Hong Kong (Kam Tin Weitou)	墨瓦
	Macau	墨硯
	Guangzhou (Panyu)	墨硯
	Guangzhou (Huashan, Huadu)	墨硯
	Guangzhou (Conghua)	墨硯
	Guangzhou (Zengcheng)	墨硯
	Foshan	墨硯
	Foshan (Shatou, Nanhai)	墨面盤
	Foshan (Shunde)	墨硯
	Foshan (Sanshui)	墨硯
	Foshan (Mingcheng, Gaoming)	墨硯
	Zhongshan (Shiqi)	墨硯
	Zhuhai (Qianshan)	墨硯
	Zhuhai (Doumen, Shangheng Tanka)	墨碗
	Zhuhai (Doumen)	墨硯
	Jiangmen (Baisha)	墨硯
	Jiangmen (Xinhui)	墨硯
	Taishan	墨硯
	Kaiping (Chikan)	墨硯
	Enping (Niujiang)	墨硯
	Heshan (Yayao)	墨硯
	Dongguan	墨硯, 墨瓦
	Shenzhen (Shajing, Bao'an)	墨硯
	Yangjiang	墨硯
Gan	Nanchang	硯臺
	Lichuan	面瓦
	Pingxiang	墨盤
Hakka	Meixian	墨硯盤, 硯盤, 墨硯
	Huizhou (Huicheng Bendihua)	墨瓦
	Dongguan (Qingxi)	墨盤
	Shenzhen (Shatoujiao)	墨湖
	Zhongshan (Nanlang Heshui)	墨盒
	Conghua (Lütian)	墨盤
	Yudu	墨盤
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	墨盤
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	墨盤
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	墨盤
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	墨盤
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	墨盤
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	墨盤
Huizhou	Jixi	硯瓦
Huizhou	Shexian	硯瓦, 月瓦
Jin	Taiyuan	硯臺, 硯瓦
	Pingyao	硯瓦
	Yangyuan	硯臺, 硯瓦
	Datong	硯瓦
	Xinzhou	硯瓦
	Lishi	硯瓦
	Linfen	硯窩兒
	Changzhi	硯瓦
	Linhe	硯瓦
	Jining	硯臺, 硯瓦
	Hohhot	硯臺, 硯瓦
	Erenhot	硯臺, 硯瓦
	Pingshan	硯瓦
	Zhangjiakou	硯臺
	Handan	硯臺, 硯盒
	Linzhou	硯瓦
	Suide	硯瓦兒
Northern Min	Jian'ou	硯瓦盤
	Songxi	硯瓦
	Zhenghe	硯瓦盤
	Wuyishan	硯瓦
	Pucheng (Shibei)	硯瓦
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	硯
Eastern Min	Fuqing	硯
Southern Min	Xiamen	硯, 墨盤, 墨硯
	Quanzhou	硯, 墨硯
	Yongchun	硯
	Zhangzhou	硯, 墨盤, 墨硯
	Zhao'an	墨硯
	Taipei	墨盤
	New Taipei (Tamsui)	墨盤
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	墨盤
	New Taipei (Pingxi)	墨盤
	Kaohsiung	墨硯, 墨盤
	Kaohsiung (Cijin)	墨盤
	Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang)	烏墨盤
	Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang)	墨盤
	Kaohsiung (Tianliao)	墨盤, 墨硯
	Yilan	墨盤
	Yilan (Toucheng)	墨盤
	Changhua (Lukang)	墨盤
	Taichung	墨盤
	Tainan	墨盤, 墨硯
	Tainan (Anping)	墨盤
	Hsinchu	墨盤
	Kinmen	墨硯, 硯
	Penghu (Magong)	硯
	Penghu (Xiyu)	墨盤, 硯
	Penang (Hokkien)	烏墨盤
	Longyan	墨盤
	Zhangping (Yongfu)	墨盤
	Datian	硯仔, 墨海 large
	Shunchang (Pushang)	硯
	Chaozhou	硯, 墨硯
	Shantou	硯, 墨硯
	Shantou (Chenghai)	墨硯
	Nan'ao (Houzhai)	墨硯
	Nan'ao (Yun'ao)	墨硯
	Jieyang	硯, 墨硯
	Wenchang	硯
	Haikou	硯
Puxian Min	Putian (Donghai)	硯
Puxian Min	Fuding (Aoyao)	墨硯
Central Min	Yong'an	墨碗
Central Min	Shaxian	硯瓦
Shaojiang Min	Shaowu	硯瓦, 硯碗
	Guangze	墨瓦
	Jiangle	青煙瓦
	Mingxi	墨瓦
	Shunchang	墨盤
Zhongshan Min	Shaxi (Longdu)	墨盒
Zhongshan Min	Sanxiang	墨硯
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	硯瓦
Waxiang	Yuanling (Shaojiwan)	硯岩, 墨岩
Wu	Shanghai	硯臺
	Shanghai (Chongming)	硯臺
	Suzhou	硯瓦
	Danyang	硯瓦臺
	Hangzhou	硯瓦
	Ningbo	硯瓦爿, 硯墨爿
	Wenzhou	硯瓦
	Jinhua	硯碗
	Jinhua (Tangxi)	墨鑊
Xiang	Changsha	硯池, 墨硯池
	Loudi	硯池
	Shuangfeng	硯池

Compounds

不親筆硯／不亲笔砚
共筆硯／共笔砚
凹心硯／凹心砚
同硯／同砚 (tóngyàn)
弓硯緣／弓砚缘
松花硯／松花砚
歙硯／歙砚
洮硯／洮砚
漆砂硯／漆砂砚
澄泥硯／澄泥砚
焚硯／焚砚
石硯／石砚
硯兄／砚兄
硯友／砚友
硯右／砚右
硯史／砚史
硯席／砚席
硯弟／砚弟
硯水壺兒／砚水壶儿
硯水滴兒／砚水滴儿
硯池／砚池
硯海／砚海
硯滴／砚滴
硯瓦／砚瓦 (yànwǎ)
硯田／砚田
硯箋／砚笺
硯耕／砚耕
硯臺／砚台 (yàntái)
硯譜／砚谱
硯銘／砚铭
磨穿鐵硯／磨穿铁砚 (móchuāntiěyàn)
端硯／端砚 (duānyàn)
筆刀硯城／笔刀砚城
筆墨紙硯／笔墨纸砚 (bǐmòzhǐyàn)
紅絲硯／红丝砚
螺溪石硯／螺溪石砚
螺溪硯／螺溪砚
鐵硯磨穿／铁砚磨穿
陶硯／陶砚
龍尾硯／龙尾砚

Japanese

Kanji

硯

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names)

inkstone

Readings

Go-on: げん (gen)
Kan-on: げん (gen)
Kan’yō-on: けん (ken)
Kun: すずり (suzuri, 硯)

Compounds

硯海(けんかい) (kenkai)
硯材(けんざい) (kenzai)
硯池(けんち) (kenchi)
硯滴(けんてき) (kenteki)
硯田(けんでん) (kenden)
硯北(けんぽく) (kenpoku)
筆硯(ひっけん) (hikken)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
硯
すずり Jinmeiyō
kun’yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 硯 – see the following entry.

【すずり】

[noun] inkstone

(This term, 硯, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Korean

Hanja

硯 • (yeon) (hangeul 연, revised yeon, McCune–Reischauer yŏn, Yale yen)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

硯: Hán Nôm readings: nghiền, nghiên, nghiễn, nghẽn, khố

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

References

Nom Foundation

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