pa
Translingual
English
Etymology 1
Clipping of papa.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /pɑː/
Audio (Southern England) (file)
- Rhymes: -ɑː
- Homophones: pah (etymology 2), par (non-rhotic), paw (with cot-caught and father-bother mergers)
Usage notes
- Often capitalized when used to refer to a specific person; see Pa.
- Hey, Pa, I'd like you to meet my friend Jamie.
Derived terms
Translations
Noun
pa (plural pas)
- (New Zealand, now historical) A fortified Maori settlement, especially of pre-European times. [from 19th c.]
- 2020, Sujit Sivasundaram, Waves Across the South, William Collins, published 2021, page 68:
- A pa or Māori defence fortification appears at a height on the hill above the bay.
- (New Zealand) Any Maori village or settlement; a kainga. [from 19th c.]
Alternative forms
Albanian
Etymology
From Proto-Albanian *apa, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂epó (“off, away”). Cognate to Messapic [script needed] (apa, “from, out of, by”),[1] Ancient Greek ἀπό (apó, “away, off”), Sanskrit अप (apá).
Antonyms
Particle
pa
- (before imperatives) attenuates a command or suggestion
- Pa më thuaj ― Tell me
References
- W. B. Lockwood, A Panorama of Indo-European languages, Hutchinson, 1972, p. 185
- Leonard Newmark's Online Albanian Dictionary
Anuta
Etymology
From Proto-Polynesian *fa, from Proto-Oceanic *pat, from Proto-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *əpat, from Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *əpat, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əpat, from Proto-Austronesian *Səpat.
Aragonese
Alternative forms
- ta (chistavín, benasqués)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈpa/
- Rhymes: -a
- Syllabification: pa
Preposition
pa
- for, to (expressing a recipient)
- La zagala va crompar un regalo de nadal ta yo.
- The girl bought a Christmas gift for me.
- M'aganaría de fer un truco de machia pa vusaltros.
- I'd like to perform a magic trick for you all.
- to, in order to, so, for (expressing the intended purpose of an action)
- Estudio cada nueit sin descansar pa conseguir un treballo decent.
- I study every night tirelessly so that I get a decent job.
- Saldré luego pa evitar el trafico.
- I am going to leave early to avoid traffic.
- by, due, due on, due by (expressing a deadline)
- Necesito la tuya decisión pa esta semana.
- I need your decision by this week.
- Es vuestros treballos grupals son ta'l viernes.
- Your group projects are due on Friday.
- for (expressing contrast from what is expected)
- Pa estar un turista estadounidense, él ye prou respetuoso.
- For an American tourist, he is pretty respectful.
- for, to, in one's opinion, as far as one is concerned (expressing an opinion, perception or perspective)
- Pa yo, las rosas bllancas son més bonicas que las royas.
- For me, the white roses are more beautiful than the red ones.
- Pa'l mio germano, la suya muller tien tota la razón.
- As far as my brother is concerned, his wife is totally in the right.
- Vam treballar pa la mesma empresa encara que no al mesmo tiempo.
- We worked for the same company but not at the same time.
- Ella treballó pa Microsoft muitos anyos, pero agora treballa pa Apple.
- She worked for Microsoft for many years, but now she works for Apple.
Arritinngithigh
References
- Claire Bowern, Harold James Koch, Australian Languages: Classification and the Comparative Method (2004), page 411
Asturian
Usage notes
- The preposition pa contracts to p' before a word beginning with a- or ha-: p'Asturies (for Asturias), p'haber (for to have)
Big Nambas
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /pa/
- Rhymes: -a
References
- Big Nambas Grammar Pacific Linguistics - G.J. Fox
Catalan
Etymology
Inherited from Old Catalan pa (attested at least once as pan), from Latin pānis, possibly derived from Proto-Indo-European *peh₂- (“to graze, feed”).
References
- “pa” in Diccionari de la llengua catalana, segona edició, Institut d’Estudis Catalans.
- “pa”, in Gran Diccionari de la Llengua Catalana, Grup Enciclopèdia Catalana, 2024
- “pa” in Diccionari normatiu valencià, Acadèmia Valenciana de la Llengua.
- “pa” in Diccionari català-valencià-balear, Antoni Maria Alcover and Francesc de Borja Moll, 1962.
Classical Nahuatl
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /paː/
References
- Andrews, J. Richard (2003) Workbook for Introduction to Classical Nahuatl, revised edition edition, Norman: University of Oklahoma Press, page 244
- Karttunen, Frances (1983) An Analytical Dictionary of Nahuatl, Austin: University of Texas Press, page 182
Dutch
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /paː/
Audio (file) - Rhymes: -aː
Descendants
- → Papiamentu: pachi (from the diminutive)
Esperanto
Fala
Etymology
From Old Galician-Portuguese pera.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /pa/
Preposition
pa
- to (indicates application of an adjective)
- 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Theme I, Chapter 3: Radós:
- A radón mais grandi pa defendela é que é nossa LENGUA MATERNA, a “primeira lengua que un indivíduu aprendi de maneira ínnconscienti duranti a sua infancia” i en ela han aprindiu a idel as primeiras palabras […]
- The greatest reason to defend it is that it is our NATIVE LANGUAGE, the “first language that an individual learns in an unconscious manner during his infancy” and in it learned how to say his first words […]
- for (directed at, intended to belong to or to be appropriate for)
- 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Theme I, Chapter 4: ¿Guerras, moas?:
- Encontramus opiniós pa tos os gustus.
- We found opinions for every taste.
- to, towards (indicates destination)
- 2000, Domingo Frades Gaspar, Vamus a falal: Notas pâ coñocel y platical en nosa fala, Editora regional da Extremadura, Theme IX, Chapter 4: ¿Fala transerrana?:
- I nos, inda hoxii, con autonomía i tó siguimus idendu: “Vo pa Castilla”, […]
- And to this day we, with autonomy and everything, keep on saying: “I’ll go to Castille”, […]
Galician
Etymology
From Old Galician-Portuguese paa, from Latin pāla (“shovel, spade”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈpa]
Noun
pa f (plural pas)
References
- “paa” in Dicionario de Dicionarios do galego medieval, SLI - ILGA 2006–2022.
- “paa” in Xavier Varela Barreiro & Xavier Gómez Guinovart: Corpus Xelmírez - Corpus lingüístico da Galicia medieval. SLI / Grupo TALG / ILG, 2006–2018.
- “pa” in Dicionario de Dicionarios da lingua galega, SLI - ILGA 2006–2013.
- “pa” in Tesouro informatizado da lingua galega. Santiago: ILG.
- “pa” in Álvarez, Rosario (coord.): Tesouro do léxico patrimonial galego e portugués, Santiago de Compostela: Instituto da Lingua Galega.
Garo
Alternative forms
- pagipa (formal)
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Gun
Alternative forms
- kpá (Benin)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /k͡pá/
Alternative forms
- kpà (Benin)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /k͡pà/
Derived terms
- pà dà (“to cut hair”)
- pà odà (“to cut hair”)
Alternative forms
- kpà (Benin)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /k͡pà/
Haitian Creole
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /pa/
Hiw
Further reading
- Alexandre François, Pragmatic demotion and clause dependency: On two atypical subordinating strategies in the Lo-Toga and Hiw (Torres, Vanuatu) (2010), in Clause Linking and Clause Hierarchy (edited by Isabelle Bril)
Hokkien
For pronunciation and definitions of pa – see 吧. (This term is the pe̍h-ōe-jī form of 吧). |
K'iche'
References
- Allen J. Christenson, Kʼiche-English dictionary
Koro (India)
Latvian
Etymology
From Proto-Balto-Slavic *pa, from Proto-Indo-European *h₂pó. Balto-Slavic cognates include Lithuanian pa-, Old Prussian pa-, po-, Proto-Slavic *po.
Louisiana Creole
Etymology 2
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium. Particularly: “Probably inherited from French "papa" or similar.”) Compare Louisiana Creole Pa (“Brer”).
Adverb
pa
Derived terms
- (prevocalic) p'
- pa aryin (“nothing”)
- pa ditou (“not at all”)
- pa nil-plas (“nowhere”)
- pa pærsonn (“no one”)
- pa-d-kwa (“you're welcome”)
Luba-Kasai
Macanese
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Portuguese para and pra. Compare Kabuverdianu, Papiamentu pa.
Preposition
pa
- to
- Iou muto querê pa vôs ― I love you very much (literally, “I very much love to you”)
- metê limam pa tirâ amiz ― add lemon to remove the unpleasant flavour
- for
- águ pa banhâ ― bathwater (literally, “water for bathing”)
- sô pa iou ― only for me
- passâ iou pa mentiroso ― to take me for a liar
- towards, into
- dâ ung'a tricada pa águ ― to jump into the water
Mandarin
Usage notes
- Transcriptions of Mandarin into the Latin script often do not distinguish between the critical tonal differences employed in the Mandarin language, using words such as this one without indication of tone.
Middle English
Muong
< 2 | 3 | 4 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : pa | ||
Etymology
From Proto-Vietic *paː; cognate with Vietnamese ba.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /paː¹/
Occitan
Old Prussian
Etymology
From the Proto-Indo-European root *upo- (“under, up”).
Palu'e
Etymology
From Proto-Central-Eastern Malayo-Polynesian *əpat, from Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *əpat, from Proto-Austronesian *Səpat.
Papiamentu
Etymology
From Portuguese para and Spanish para and Kabuverdianu pa.
Polish
Etymology
Onomatopoeic.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /pa/
Audio (file) - Rhymes: -a
- Syllabification: pa
Portuguese
Etymology
Syncopic form of para.
Romanian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [pa]
- Rhymes: -a
Sassarese
Serbo-Croatian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /pa/
Conjunction
pa (Cyrillic spelling па)
- (and) then
- Synonym: ȍndā
- prvo ću skočiti ja, pa ti ― I'll jump first, (and) then you
- učenje pa odmor pa zabava ― learning, then rest, then fun
- (and) so, therefore
- Synonym: stȍgā
- Potrošio sam sav novac, pa sam se morao vratiti kući. ― I've spent all of my money, so I had to go back home.
- (with da or màkar) even if, even though, although
- (with ȉpāk) (and, but) yet, still
- bogat je, pa ipak usamljen ― he's rich, but still lonely
- (with da + i) even if
Particle
pa (Cyrillic spelling па)
Skou
References
- Donohue, Mark. Rópu we te máwo pílang te: Skou dictionary draft. s.l. 80pp. (2002).
Slavomolisano
Etymology
From Serbo-Croatian pa.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /pa/
Particle
pa
- well, so
- 2010, Luigi Peca, La guerre à Acquaviva:
- Alora pa, ka biša gvera, ka pa je rivala kurta nasa ova gvera, mi, tuna žene aš ljuda, te ljuda veča… ka bihu veča zdrave – nò? mahu sa po hranit.
- Well then, during the war, when this war came close to us, we, all the women and men, the men (who were) more… who were healthier – you know? had to hide themselves.
References
- Breu, W., Mader Skender, M. B. & Piccoli, G. 2013. Oral texts in Molise Slavic (Italy): Acquaviva Collecroce. In Adamou, E., Breu, W., Drettas, G. & Scholze, L. (eds.). 2013. EuroSlav2010: Elektronische Datenbank bedrohter slavischer Varietäten in nichtslavophonen Ländern Europas – Base de données électronique de variétés slaves menacées dans des pays européens non slavophones. Konstanz: Universität / Paris: Lacito (Internet Publication).
Slovene
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /pa/
Audio (file)
Spanish
See also
References
- Among the places this form is used is southern Arizona, per Anita Calneh Post, Southern Arizona Spanish phonology (1934), page 36: "The commonest loss of intervocalic r in southern Arizona is in para, which is always pa ..."
Further reading
- “pa”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014
Sumerian
Swahili
Etymology
From Proto-Bantu *-páa.
Pronunciation
Audio (Kenya) (file)
Verb
-pa (no plain infinitive)
- to give to (someone)
- Nimewapa kitabu. ― I have given them a book.
- Nijawapa kitabu. ― I have not yet given them a book.
Conjugation
Conjugation of -pa (obligatory object concord) | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Object concord | |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
| |||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Some forms not commonly seen in modern Standard Swahili are absent from the table. See Appendix:Swahili verbs for more information. |
Derived terms
Tagalog
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /pa/, [pɐ]
Etymology 1
Inherited from Proto-Austronesian *pa (“still, yet, til now, first (before doing something else)”). Cognate with Cebuano pa (“id”), Malagasy fa (“for, but, therefore, because, that”).
Adverb
pa (Baybayin spelling ᜉ)
- yet
- Hindi pa niya binuhay ang sinaing.
- He hasn't turned the rice cooker on yet.
- still; eventually; in the future
- Buhay pa ang bintilador; bakit hindi mo 'to pinatay?
- The fan is still on; why didn't you turn it off?
- in addition, too
- in the past
- even
Derived terms
- pa naman
- pa rin
See also
Etymology 2
Influenced by Baybayin character ᜉ (pa).
See also
Noun
pa (Baybayin spelling ᜉ)
Further reading
- “pa”, in Pambansang Diksiyonaryo | Diksiyonaryo.ph, Manila, 2018
Tho
< 2 | 3 | 4 > |
---|---|---|
Cardinal : pa | ||
Etymology
From Proto-Vietic *paː; cognate with Vietnamese ba, Muong pa.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /paː¹/
Tshobdun
Etymology
From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *pʷak.
Further reading
- Jackson T. S. Sun, Typology of Generic-Person Making in Tshobdun Rgyalrong (2014)
Welsh
Alternative forms
Etymology
From Proto-Celtic *kʷid, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷid (compare *kʷis); compare Latin quid, Old Irish cid, Modern Irish cad, Cornish py, pe.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /paː/
- Rhymes: -aː
West Makian
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /pa/
Conjugation
Conjugation of pa (action verb) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
singular | plural | |||
inclusive | exclusive | |||
1st person | tapa | mapa | apa | |
2nd person | napa | fapa | ||
3rd person | inanimate | ipa | dapa | |
animate | ||||
imperative | napa, pa | fapa, pa |
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /pa(ː)/
Wutunhua
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [pʰɑ]
Yola
Preposition
pa
- Aphetic form of apan
- 1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 60:
- Pa ooree; Pa cawl.
- Upon each other; Upon the horse.
- 1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 69:
- Pa sthit.
- Upon the filly.
- 1867, GLOSSARY OF THE DIALECT OF FORTH AND BARGY, page 78:
- A wuf is pa varreen.
- The gad is on the headland.
References
- Jacob Poole (d. 1827) (before 1828) William Barnes, editor, A Glossary, With some Pieces of Verse, of the old Dialect of the English Colony in the Baronies of Forth and Bargy, County of Wexford, Ireland, London: J. Russell Smith, published 1867, page 60
Yoruba
Etymology 1
Proposed to be derived from Proto-Yoruboid *kpa, possibly a Doublet of kú
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /k͡pā/
Verb
pa
- (transitive) to kill
- Ẹ fẹ́ pa mí ni!?
- You want to kill me!?
- (transitive) to murder
- Ó pa ìyàwó ẹ̀.
- He murdered his wife.
- (transitive) to execute
- (transitive) to switch off, to turn off
- Má gbàgbé láti máa pa tẹlifíṣọ̀n.
- Don't forget to turn off the television.
- (transitive) to extinguish
- A dúpẹ́ pé wọ́n pa iná kó tó jó odindi ilé tán pátá.
- Thankfully the fire was extinguished before it burnt the whole house down.
- (transitive) to stop, to terminate
- Wọ́n pa ìlù.
- They stopped the drumming.
- (transitive) to pain, to kill
- Yéè! Ẹsẹ̀ yìí fẹ́ pa mí o!
- Ouch! My feet are killing me!
- (transitive) to disturb
- Ebi ń pa mí.
- Hunger is disturbing me.
- (I am hungry)
- (transitive) to intoxicate
- Ọtí ń pa wọ́n.
- Alchohol is intoxicating them.
- (They are drunk)
- (transitive) to open, to smash open, to thresh
- Ẹ bá mi pa obì yìí.
- Help me open this kola nut.
- Ó pa ọkà.
- He threshed the corn.
- (transitive) to hatch
- Adìyẹ mi ti pa ọmọ
- My hen's hatched chicks
Derived terms
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /k͡pā/
Derived terms
- pariwo (“to make noise”)
- parọ́ (“to tell a lie”)
- pidán (“to practice magic”)
- pọfọ̀ (“to recite an incantation”)
- pàlọ́ (“to tell a riddle, to tell a folk story”)
- pàrokò (“to convey an aroko”)
- pàrọwà (“to entreat”)
- pàṣẹ (“to command”)
- pète (“to scheme”)
- pìtàn (“to tell a story, to narrate history”)
- pògèdè (“to recite an incantation”)
- pòṣé (“to kiss teeth”)
- pòwe (“to tell a proverb”)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /k͡pā/
Verb
pa
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /k͡pā/
Verb
pa
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /k͡pā/
Derived terms
- pa rọ́rọ́ (“to be tranquil”)
- pirọrọ (“to be calm, to be in a false sleep”)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /k͡pā/
Derived terms
- dè pa (“to screw tight”)
- dé pa (“to cover tightly”)
- dì pa (“to tie”)
- fún pa (“to pull tight”)
- kàn pa (“to hammer tight”)
- lọ́ pa (“to twist”)
- so pa (“to tie”)
- tì pa (“to shut tight, to lock”)
- wé pa (“to fold tight”)
- yí pa (“to turn, to twist”)
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /k͡pá/
Zazaki
Etymology
From Proto-Indo-European *pṓds (“foot”), cognates include Sanskrit पद् (pád), Latin pes (French pied), German Fuß, English foot.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /pɔː/
Zou
Etymology 1
From Proto-Kuki-Chin *paa, from Proto-Sino-Tibetan *pa. Cognates include Chinese 爸 (bà) and Tibetan པ་ཕ (pa pha).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /pa˧˥/
Etymology 2
Perhaps related to Etymology 1.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /pa˧/
References
- Lukram Himmat Singh (2013) A Descriptive Grammar of Zou, Canchipur: Manipur University, page 60