-esco
Italian
Etymology
From Late Latin, Vulgar Latin -iscus.[1] Cognates: see Proto-Germanic *-iskaz.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ˈe.sko/
- Rhymes: -esko
- Hyphenation: -é‧sco
Suffix
-esco
- forms adjectives (sometimes used as nouns) that indicate relationship, membership, quality
Derived terms
References
- “-esco” in: Alberto Nocentini, Alessandro Parenti, “l'Etimologico — Vocabolario della lingua italiana”, Le Monnier, 2010, →ISBN
Latin
Pronunciation
- (Classical) IPA(key): /ˈeːs.koː/, [ˈeːs̠koː]
- (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA(key): /ˈes.ko/, [ˈɛsko]
Suffix
-ēscō (present infinitive -ēscere, perfect active -ī, supine -um); third conjugation
- Forms verbs from adjectives meaning "become (adjective)".
Usage notes
Many verbs ending in -ēscō are inchoatives in -scō formed from statives in -eō. However, some verbs exist that are derived directly from the adjective, with no "intermediate" stative verb existing, e.g.:
- amārus > amārēscō (but no *amāreō)
- celeber > celebrēscō (but no *celebreō)
Conjugation
Conjugation varies with verb; only first principal part shown here for illustration.
| Conjugation of -ēscō (third conjugation) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| indicative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | -ēscō | -ēscis | -ēscit | -ēscimus | -ēscitis | -ēscunt |
| imperfect | -ēscēbam | -ēscēbās | -ēscēbat | -ēscēbāmus | -ēscēbātis | -ēscēbant | |
| future | -ēscam | -ēscēs | -ēscet | -ēscēmus | -ēscētis | -ēscent | |
| perfect | -ī | -istī | -it | -imus | -istis | -ērunt, -ēre | |
| pluperfect | -eram | -erās | -erat | -erāmus | -erātis | -erant | |
| future perfect | -erō | -eris | -erit | -erimus | -eritis | -erint | |
| sigmatic future1 | -ō | -is | -it | -imus | -itis | -int | |
| passive | present | -ēscor | -ēsceris, -ēscere |
-ēscitur | -ēscimur | -ēsciminī | -ēscuntur |
| imperfect | -ēscēbar | -ēscēbāris, -ēscēbāre |
-ēscēbātur | -ēscēbāmur | -ēscēbāminī | -ēscēbantur | |
| future | -ēscar | -ēscēris, -ēscēre |
-ēscētur | -ēscēmur | -ēscēminī | -ēscentur | |
| perfect | -us + present active indicative of sum | ||||||
| pluperfect | -us + imperfect active indicative of sum | ||||||
| future perfect | -us + future active indicative of sum | ||||||
| sigmatic future1 | -or | -eris | -itur | — | — | — | |
| subjunctive | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | -ēscam | -ēscās | -ēscat | -ēscāmus | -ēscātis | -ēscant |
| imperfect | -ēscerem | -ēscerēs | -ēsceret | -ēscerēmus | -ēscerētis | -ēscerent | |
| perfect | -erim | -erīs | -erit | -erīmus | -erītis | -erint | |
| pluperfect | -issem | -issēs | -isset | -issēmus | -issētis | -issent | |
| sigmatic aorist1 | -im | -īs | -īt | -īmus | -ītis | -int | |
| passive | present | -ēscar | -ēscāris, -ēscāre |
-ēscātur | -ēscāmur | -ēscāminī | -ēscantur |
| imperfect | -ēscerer | -ēscerēris, -ēscerēre |
-ēscerētur | -ēscerēmur | -ēscerēminī | -ēscerentur | |
| perfect | -us + present active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
| pluperfect | -us + imperfect active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
| imperative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | — | -ēsce | — | — | -ēscite | — |
| future | — | -ēscitō | -ēscitō | — | -ēscitōte | -ēscuntō | |
| passive | present | — | -ēscere | — | — | -ēsciminī | — |
| future | — | -ēscitor | -ēscitor | — | — | -ēscuntor | |
| non-finite forms | active | passive | |||||
| present | perfect | future | present | perfect | future | ||
| infinitives | -ēscere | -isse | -ūrum esse | -ēscī | -um esse | -um īrī | |
| participles | -ēscēns | — | -ūrus | — | -us | -ēscendus, -ēscundus | |
| verbal nouns | gerund | supine | |||||
| genitive | dative | accusative | ablative | accusative | ablative | ||
| -ēscendī | -ēscendō | -ēscendum | -ēscendō | -um | -ū | ||
1At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.
Derived terms
Descendants
- Aromanian: -esc- (-escu, -eshti, -eashti, -escu), -ãsc-
- Catalan: -eix- (-eixo, -eixes, -eix, -eixen), -isc- (-ixes, -ix, -ixen)
- → English: -esce; -ise, -ish (via Old French)
- Franco-Provençal: -éss-: -éss- (-ésso, -és, -ét, -éssens, -ésséds, -éssont)
- French: -iss- (-is, -is, -it, -issons, -issez, -issent)
- Friulian: -is- (-ìs, -issis, -ìs, -issin)
- Italian: -isc- (-isco, -isci, -isce, -iscono)
- Occitan: -iss- (-issi, -isses, -ís)
- Portuguese: -ecer, → -escer
- Romanian: -esc- (-esc, -ești, -ește, -esc), -ăsc-
- Romansch: -esch- (-eschel, -eschas, -escha)
- Spanish: -ecer
- Venetian: -is- (-iso, -isi, -ise, -ise)
Portuguese
Pronunciation
- (Brazil) IPA(key): /ˈes.ku/
- (Rio de Janeiro) IPA(key): /ˈeʃ.ku/
- (Southern Brazil) IPA(key): /ˈes.ko/
- (Portugal) IPA(key): /ˈeʃ.ku/
Suffix
-esco (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -esca, masculine plural -escos, feminine plural -escas)
- Forms adjectives that signify comparison, relation or resemblance to the word stem (-like, -esque)
- animal (“animal”) + -esco → animalesco (“animalesque, animal-like”)
- livro (“book”) + -esco → livresco (“related to books”)
Spanish
Suffix
-esco (adjective-forming suffix, feminine -esca, masculine plural -escos, feminine plural -escas)
- Alternative form of -sco; forms adjectives that signify "relation" to the word stem; sometimes pejorative
Suffix
-esco m (noun-forming suffix, plural -escos)
Derived terms
Further reading
- “-esco”, in Diccionario de la lengua española, Vigésima tercera edición, Real Academia Española, 2014