虔

虔	U+8654, 虔 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8654

← 虓
[U+8653]

CJK Unified Ideographs

處 →
[U+8655]

Translingual

Han character

虔 (Kangxi radical 141, 虍+4, 10 strokes, cangjie input 卜心卜大 (YPYK), four-corner 2124₀, composition ⿸虍文)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 1073, character 17

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 32686

Dae Jaweon: page 1540, character 13

Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2821, character 2

Unihan data for U+8654

Chinese

trad.		虔
simp. ^#		虔

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 虔
Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (虔) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
虔	*ɡren
鰬	*ɡren
榩	*ɡren

According to the Shuowen Jiezi, Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡren) : phonetic 文 (OC *mɯn) + semantic 虍. According to Li Xueqin (2012), the phonetic component is instead 虍 (OC *qʰaː).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): qián (qian²)

(Zhuyin): ㄑㄧㄢˊ
Cantonese (Jyutping): kin⁴
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): khièn / khiàn
Eastern Min (BUC): gièng
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): khiân

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: qián
  - Zhuyin: ㄑㄧㄢˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: cián
  - Wade–Giles: chʻien²
  - Yale: chyán
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: chyan
  - Palladius: цянь (cjanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /t͡ɕʰi̯ɛn³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: kin⁴
  - Yale: kìhn
  - Cantonese Pinyin: kin⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: kin⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰiːn²¹/
Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khièn
  - Hakka Romanization System: kienˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: kian²
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯en¹¹/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khiàn
  - Hakka Romanization System: kianˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: kian²
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰi̯an¹¹/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: gièng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kieŋ⁵³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khiân
  - Tâi-lô: khiân
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qieen
  - IPA (Xiamen): /kʰiɛn²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰiɛn²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /kʰiɛn¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /kʰiɛn²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰiɛn²³/

Middle Chinese: gjen

Rime
Character	虔
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	群 (30)
Final (韻)	仙 (79)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	渠焉切
Baxter	gjen
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɡˠiᴇn/
Pan Wuyun	/ɡᵚiɛn/
Shao Rongfen	/ɡiæn/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/gian/
Li Rong	/ɡjɛn/
Wang Li	/ɡĭɛn/
Bernard Karlgren	/gi̯ɛn/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	qián
Expected Cantonese Reflex	kin⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɡ]ra[n]/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡren/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	虔
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	qián
Middle Chinese	‹ gjen ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɡ]ra[n]/
English	kill; cut (v.)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	虔
Reading #	1/1
No.	10260
Phonetic component	虔
Rime group	元
Rime subdivision	2
Corresponding MC rime	乾
Old Chinese	/*ɡren/
Notes	讀若矜

Definitions

虔

reverent; devout; pious; respectful; sincere
(obsolete) looking like a tiger walking; strong; powerful
^† to kill; to slaughter; to murder
^† to plunder; to loot; to seize
a surname

Compounds

乾虔／干虔
展子虔
心虔志誠／心虔志诚
敬虔主義／敬虔主义 (jìngqiánzhǔyì)
村虔
矯虔／矫虔
老虔婆
虔劉／虔刘
虔婆 (qiánpó)
虔婆勢／虔婆势
虔心 (qiánxīn)
虔恪 (qiánkè)
虔敬 (qiánjìng)
虔虔
虔誠／虔诚 (qiánchéng)
鄭虔／郑虔
風虔／风虔

Etymology 2

trad.		虔
simp. ^#		虔
alternative forms		堅／坚凝

Pronunciation

Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): kiân / kian

Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kiân
  - Tâi-lô: kiân
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kieen
  - IPA (Xiamen, Quanzhou): /kiɛn²⁴/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kian
  - Tâi-lô: kian
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kiefn
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kiɛn⁴⁴/

Definitions

虔

(chiefly Quanzhou and Xiamen Hokkien) Alternative form of 堅／坚 (“to congeal; to encrust”)

Compounds

虔凍／虔冻
虔巴
虔疕

Japanese

Kanji

虔

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

respect

Readings

Go-on: げん (gen)
Kan-on: けん (ken)
Kun: かたい (katai, 虔い); しいる (shiiru, 虔いる); つつしむ (tsutsushimu, 虔む)
Nanori: たかし (takashi); ただし (tadashi); まさ (masa); まさし (masashi)

Compounds

格(かっ)虔(けん) (kakken)
恭(きょう)虔(けん) (kyōken)
敬(けい)虔(けん) (keiken)

Korean

Hanja

虔 (eumhun 공경할 건 (gonggyeonghal geon))

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Compounds

경건 (敬虔, gyeonggeon)

Vietnamese

Han character

虔: Hán Nôm readings: kiền

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