堅

See also: 坚
堅 U+5805, 堅
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5805
← 堄
[U+5804] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 堆 →
[U+5806]

Translingual

Han character

堅 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+9, 12 strokes, cangjie input 尸水土 (SEG), four-corner 77104, composition ⿱臤土)

Derived characters

References
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 232, character 3
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5210
  • Dae Jaweon: page 469, character 5
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 451, character 4
  • Unihan data for U+5805

Chinese

Glyph origin
Characters in the same phonetic series (臣) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
臤 *kʰaːn, *kʰriːn, *ɡiːn, *kʰins
掔 *kʰriːn, *kʰiːn
慳 *kʰriːn
藖 *ɡriːn, *ɡriːns
堅 *kiːn
鋻 *kiːn, *kiːns
鰹 *kiːn
蜸 *kʰiːnʔ
菣 *kʰiːns, *kʰins
賢 *ɡiːn
礥 *ɡiːn, *ɢrin
臔 *ɡiːnʔ
挋 *kiŋs
臣 *ɡiŋ
茞 *ɡiŋ
腎 *ɡjinʔ
頣 *hŋiŋʔ
緊 *kinʔ
嚚 *ŋɡriŋ
鏗 *kʰreːŋ
摼 *kʰreːŋ
硻 *kʰreːŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *kiːn) : phonetic 臤 (OC *kʰaːn, *kʰriːn, *ɡiːn, *kʰins) + semantic 土.

Etymology 1
trad. 堅
simp. 坚

Pronunciation

Note: giang1 - Shantou.
Rime
Character 堅
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 見 (28)
Final (韻) 先 (85)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) IV
Fanqie 古賢切
Baxter ken
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /ken/
Pan
Wuyun		 /ken/
Shao
Rongfen		 /kɛn/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /kɛn/
Li
Rong		 /ken/
Wang
Li		 /kien/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /kien/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 jiān
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 gin1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 堅
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 jiān
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ ken ›
Old
Chinese		 /*kˁi[ŋ]/
English solid, strong

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 堅
Reading # 1/1
No. 1330
Phonetic
component		 臣
Rime
group		 眞
Rime
subdivision		 1
Corresponding
MC rime		 堅
Old
Chinese		 /*kiːn/

Definitions

堅

  1. hard
  2. strong; firm
  3. resolute
  4. (Cantonese) real; genuine
  5. (Cantonese) really; very
  6. 72nd tetragram of the Taixuanjing; "hardness" (𝍍)

Compounds

Etymology 2
trad. 堅
simp. 坚
alternative forms 虔 Quanzhou
凝 Quanzhou

Pronunciation

Definitions

堅

  1. (Hokkien) to become dry and form a crust; to congeal

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji
堅

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. hard, firm
  2. tough
  3. strict

Readings

Compounds
Compounds

Proper noun

堅(けん) • (Ken) 

  1. a male given name

Korean

Hanja

堅 (eumhun 굳을 견 (gudeul gyeon))

  1. Hanja form? of 경 (“hard, stiff”).

Vietnamese

Han character

堅: Hán Nôm readings: kiên

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
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