infestus

infestus

1. conditional of infesti

Uncertain. Possibilities include:

1. Cognate with manifestus (“caught in the act”) by assuming a precedent sense “caught by hand”, and derived from a tentative -festus (“grabbing, attacking”), possibly from Proto-Indo-European *dʰers- (“to be bold”).
2. Cognate with festīnō (“to hasten, accelerate”), cōnfestim (“immediately”) by assuming a precedent sense “rushing in”, from Proto-Italic *festis (“hurry”), which Schrijver derives from a root *bʰris-. This makes a connection with manifestus difficult.
3. From in- (“un-”) +‎ Proto-Italic *festus (“asked for”), itself from Proto-Indo-European *gʷʰedʰ-to-s, from *gʷʰedʰ- (“to request, ask for, pray”). Phonologically this assumes the ending -tus being analogically restored after *TT had shifted to *ss in Italic, as might be the case with fūstis.

• (Classical) IPA^(key): /inˈfes.tus/, [ĩːˈfɛs̠t̪ʊs̠]
• (modern Italianate Ecclesiastical) IPA^(key): /inˈfes.tus/, [iɱˈfɛst̪us]
• It is not entirely certain whether the vowel in the second syllable was short or long. Spanish enhiesto (assumed to be a descendant, with a change in sense) shows development of -ie- from -ĕ- (though this does not exclude the possibility of an original -ē- that underwent later shortening or analogical replacement, as in Spanish fiesta from Latin fēstum). Bennett 1907 cites "infésti" from C.I.L. v. 2627[1] as inscriptional evidence for a long vowel, and compares the length to that of e in manifē̆stus[2] (but the latter is also uncertain).

īnfestus (feminine īnfesta, neuter īnfestum, comparative īnfestior, superlative īnfestissimus); first/second-declension adjective

1. hostile (to a person, cause etc.), antagonistic

   Synonyms: inimīcus, īnfēnsus, inīquus, hostīlis, aliēnus, adversus, āversus

   Antonyms: amīcus, benevolus, aequus

   1. marked by strife, troubled
2. (entertaining or foreboding violent actions) aggressive, warlike; raised, threatening, poised to strike
3. (of things) [+dative] harmful, troublesome
   • 27 BCE – 25 BCE, Titus Livius, Ab Urbe Condita I.15:

     si Romana arma omnibus infesta finitimis essent

     if the Roman army should be dangerous for all his neighbours

4. (of places) dangerous, unsafe; [+ablative] infested with; adverse
5. exposed to danger, threatened, insecure

   Synonyms: inermis, intūtus, nūdus

   Antonyms: mūnītus, dēfēnsus, firmātus, tūtus

First/second-declension adjective.

• īnfestō

• Old Spanish: enfiesto
  • Spanish: enhiesto
• Portuguese: infesto

• “infestus” on page 987 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (2nd ed., 2012)
• De Vaan, Michiel (2008) “īnfestus”, in Etymological Dictionary of Latin and the other Italic Languages (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 7), Leiden, Boston: Brill, →ISBN, page 303

• “infestus”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
• “infestus”, in Charlton T. Lewis (1891) An Elementary Latin Dictionary, New York: Harper & Brothers
• infestus in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.