壅

壅	U+58C5, 壅 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-58C5

← 壄
[U+58C4]

CJK Unified Ideographs

壆 →
[U+58C6]

Translingual

Han character

壅 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+13, 16 strokes, cangjie input 卜女土土 (YVGG), four-corner 0010₄, composition ⿱雍土)

Derived characters

𡄐, 𤃟

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 240, character 18

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5524

Dae Jaweon: page 480, character 4

Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 493, character 4

Unihan data for U+58C5

Chinese

simp. and trad.		壅
alternative forms		㙲雍擁／拥邕廱㙲雍擁／拥邕廱𡓱𡔏㽫

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (邕) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
郺	qoːŋʔ, qoŋ
齆	*qoːŋs
甕	*qoːŋs
罋	qoːŋs, qoŋ
雍	qoŋ, qoŋs
邕	*qoŋ
嗈	*qoŋ
灉	qoŋ, qoŋs
癰	*qoŋ
廱	*qoŋ
雝	*qoŋ
壅	qoŋ, qoŋʔ, *qoŋs
饔	*qoŋ
噰	*qoŋ
澭	*qoŋ
擁	qoŋ, qoŋʔ
臃	*qoŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *qoŋ, *qoŋʔ, *qoŋs) : phonetic 雍 (OC *qoŋ, *qoŋs) + semantic 土 (“soil; ground”).

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): yōng, yǒng (yong¹, yong³)

(Zhuyin): ㄩㄥ, ㄩㄥˇ
Cantonese (Jyutping): jung², jung¹, ngung¹, ung¹
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): yûng
Southern Min (Hokkien, POJ): iong / èng

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yōng
  - Zhuyin: ㄩㄥ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yong
  - Wade–Giles: yung¹
  - Yale: yūng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: iong
  - Palladius: юн (jun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jʊŋ⁵⁵/
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: yǒng
  - Zhuyin: ㄩㄥˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: yǒng
  - Wade–Giles: yung³
  - Yale: yǔng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: yeong
  - Palladius: юн (jun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jʊŋ²¹⁴/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: jung², jung¹, ngung¹, ung¹
  - Yale: yúng, yūng, ngūng, ūng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: jung², jung¹, ngung¹, ung¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: yung², yung¹, ngung¹, ung¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /jʊŋ³⁵/, /jʊŋ⁵⁵/, /ŋʊŋ⁵⁵/, /ʊŋ⁵⁵/

Note: ung1 - vernacular.

Hakka
- (Northern Sixian, incl. Miaoli)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yûng
  - Hakka Romanization System: iung´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yung¹
  - Sinological IPA: /i̯uŋ²⁴/
- (Southern Sixian, incl. Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: yûng
  - Hakka Romanization System: (r)iung´
  - Hagfa Pinyim: yung¹
  - Sinological IPA: /(j)i̯uŋ²⁴/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: iong / èng
  - Tâi-lô: iong / ìng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: iofng, exng
  - IPA (Xiamen): /iɔŋ⁴⁴/, /iɪŋ²¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /iɔŋ³³/, /iɪŋ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /iɔŋ⁴⁴/, /iɪŋ²¹/
  - IPA (Taipei): /iɔŋ⁴⁴/, /iɪŋ¹¹/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /iɔŋ⁴⁴/, /iɪŋ²¹/

Middle Chinese: 'jowng, 'jowngX

Rime
Character	壅	壅
Reading #	1/2	2/2
Initial (聲)	影 (34)	影 (34)
Final (韻)	鍾 (7)	鍾 (7)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open	Open
Division (等)	III	III
Fanqie	於容切	於隴切
Baxter	'jowng	'jowngX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ʔɨoŋ/	/ʔɨoŋ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/ʔioŋ/	/ʔioŋ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/ʔioŋ/	/ʔioŋ^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ʔuawŋ/	/ʔuawŋ^X/
Li Rong	/ʔioŋ/	/ʔioŋ^X/
Wang Li	/ĭwoŋ/	/ĭwoŋ^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/ʔi̯woŋ/	/ʔi̯woŋ^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	yōng	yǒng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	jung¹	jung²

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*qoŋ/, /*qoŋʔ/, /*qoŋs/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	壅	壅	壅
Reading #	1/3	2/3	3/3
No.	15411	15419	15422
Phonetic component	邕	邕	邕
Rime group	東	東	東
Rime subdivision	0	0	0
Corresponding MC rime	邕	擁	雍
Old Chinese	/*qoŋ/	/*qoŋʔ/	/*qoŋs/
Notes			原土在左，集韻作此，見論衡

Definitions

壅

(literary) to obstruct; to block; to stop
(literary) to heap; to pile up
(literary) to cover; to hide

Compounds

交通壅塞
培壅
壅土 (yōngtǔ)
壅塞 (yōngsè)
壅滯／壅滞
壅肥
壅蔽 (yōngbì)
壅門／壅门
壅閉／壅闭
懸壅垂／悬壅垂 (xuányōngchuí)
鄣壅

References

“壅”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

壅

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

Readings

Go-on: ゆ (yu)
Kan-on: よう (yō)
Kun: ふさぐ (fusagu)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 壅 (MC 'jowngX).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448	Recorded as Middle Korean ᅙᅩᇰ〯 (Yale: qwǒng) in Dongguk Jeongun (東國正韻 / 동국정운), 1448.
Middle Korean
Text	Eumhun
Text	*Gloss (hun)*	Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527	붓도돌〮 오ᇰ〯	Recorded as Middle Korean 오ᇰ〯 (wǒng) (Yale: wǒng) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.
Gwangju Cheonjamun, 1575	마ᄀᆞᆯ 옹	Recorded as Middle Korean 옹 ( wong) (Yale: wong) in Sinjeung Yuhap (新增類合 / 신증유합), 1576.

Pronunciation

(SK Standard/Seoul) IPA^(key): [o̞(ː)ŋ]
Phonetic hangul: [옹(ː)]
- Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource 壅 (eumhun 막을 옹 (mageul ong))

Hanja form^? of 옹 (“to block; to obstruct”).

Compounds

옹졸 (壅拙, ongjol)
옹색 (壅塞, ongsaek)
옹고집 (壅固執, onggojip)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

壅: Hán Nôm readings: ung

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References

Nom Foundation

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