mu-

See also: Appendix:Variations of "mu"

Cebuano

Etymology

Ultimately from Proto-Austronesian *-um-. See mo-.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /mu/, [mʊ]

Prefix

mu- (perfect ming-, mi-, ni-)

  1. alternative form of mo-

See also
Category Cebuano terms prefixed with mu- not found

Kamba

Alternative forms

Prefix

mu-

  1. you plural (used for conjugating verbs to the subjective or nominative case of the personal pronoun)

Kambera

Alternative forms

Pronoun

mu-

  1. second person singular nominative proclitic

See also
Kambera pronominal clitics
Nominative Genitive Accusative Dative
1sg ku- -nggu -ka -ngga
2sg mu- (u-) -mu -kau -nggau
3sg na- -na -ya -nya
1pl.incl ta- -nda -ta -nda
1pl.excl ma- -ma -kama -nggama
2pl mi- (i-) -mi -kami (-kai) -nggami (-nggai)
3pl da- -da -ha -nja

Northern Ndebele

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

Prefix

mu-

  1. him, her, it; class 1 object concord.

Usage notes

The variant form m- is used before stems of more than one syllable.

Phuthi

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *jʊ̀-mʊ̀-.

Prefix

mu-

  1. Class 1 noun prefix.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

Prefix

mu-

  1. him, her, it; class 1 object concord.
  2. him, her, it; class 3 object concord.

Etymology 3

From Proto-Bantu *gʊ́-mʊ̀-.

Prefix

mu-

  1. Class 3 noun prefix.

Rwanda-Rundi

Prefix

mu-

  1. you, second-person plural subject concord.
  2. Augmentless form of umu- (“class 1 or 3 noun prefix”)
  3. class 1 or 3 concord prefix for adjectives

Alternative forms
  • mw- (before a vowel)

Shona

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *jʊ̀-mʊ̀-.

Prefix

mu-

  1. Class 1 noun prefix.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *gʊ́-mʊ̀-.

Prefix

mu-

  1. Class 3 noun prefix.

Southern Ndebele

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

Prefix

mu-

  1. him, her, it; class 1 object concord.

Usage notes

The variant form m- is used before stems of more than one syllable.

Southern Pomo

Alternative forms

Prefix

mu-

  1. heat, fire, emotion
  2. relating to a short object in the air

Usage notes

This prefix is used with verbs only.

Swahili

Alternative forms
  • m- (before consonants)
  • mw- (before vowels)

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

Prefix

mu- (plural wa-)

  1. m class(I) noun prefix and adjective agreement prefix used before /u/ and /w/
    ‎mu- + ‎-ua (“to kill”) + ‎-ji (nominalizing suffix) → ‎muuaji (“killer”)

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

Prefix

mu- (plural mi-)

  1. m class(III) noun prefix and adjective agreement prefix used before /u/, /w/, and occasionally /h/
    muhindi ― maize plant
    ‎mu- + ‎-ungana (“to join together”) + ‎-o (nominalizing suffix) → ‎muungano (“union”)

See also
  • Appendix:Swahili noun classes

Etymology 3

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

Prefix

mu-

  1. you, 2nd person plural subject concord used before /u/ and /w/
    Antonym: hamu-
  2. verb-initial form of -mu- (“her, him; 3rd person singular (m class(I)) object concord used before /u/ and /w/”)
See also
Swahili personal pronouns (m-wa class(I/II))
Number Person Independent Subject concord Object concord Combined forms Possessive
affirmative negative na ndi- si-
SingularFirst mimi ni- si- -ni- nami, na mimi ndimi, ndiye simi, siye -angu
Second wewe u- hu- -ku- nawe, na wewe ndiwe, ndiye siwe, siye -ako
Third yeye a-, yu- ha-, hayu- -m-, -mw-, -mu- naye, na yeye ndiye siye -ake
PluralFirst sisi tu- hatu- -tu- nasi, na sisi ndisi, ndio sio -etu
Second ninyi m-, mw-, mu- ham-, hamw-, hamu- -wa- nanyi, na ninyi ndinyi, ndio sinyi, sio -enu
Third wao wa- hawa- -wa- nao ndio sio -ao
Reflexive — — -ji- — —
For a full table including other classes, see Appendix:Swahili personal pronouns.

Etymology 4

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ́-.

Prefix

mu-

  1. therein, mu class(XVIII) subject concord used before /u/ and /w/
    Antonym: hamu-
See also
Swahili verbal concords (third person)
Class Subject concord Object concord Relative
affirmative negative
m(I) a-, yu- ha-, hayu- -m-, -mw-, -mu- -ye
wa(II) wa- hawa- -wa- -o
m(III) u- hau- -u- -o
mi(IV) i- hai- -i- -yo
ji(V) li- hali- -li- -lo
ma(VI) ya- haya- -ya- -yo
ki(VII) ki- haki- -ki- -cho
vi(VIII) vi- havi- -vi- -vyo
n(IX) i- hai- -i- -yo
n(X) zi- hazi- -zi- -zo
u(XI) u- hau- -u- -o
ku(XV/XVII) ku- haku- -ku- -ko
pa(XVI) pa- hapa- -pa- -po
mu(XVIII) m-, mw-, mu- ham-, hamw-, hamu- -mu- -mo
For a full table including first and second person, see Appendix:Swahili personal pronouns.

Swazi

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

Prefix

mu-

  1. him, her, it; class 1 object concord.

Usage notes

The variant form m- is used before stems of more than one syllable.

Tooro

Alternative forms
  • (before vowels) mw-

Etymology

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /mu-/

Prefix

mu-

  1. you, you all; 2nd person plural subject concord
    ‎mu- + ‎-kora (“to do”) → ‎mukora (“you all do”)

See also
Tooro personal pronouns
Class Person Independent Possessive Subject concord Object concord Combined forms
na ni
Class 1First nyowe, nye -ange n- -n- nanyowe, nanye ninyowe, ninye
Second iwe -awe o- -ku- naiwe niiwe
Third uwe -e a- -mu- nawe nuwe
Class 2First itwe -aitu tu- -tu- naitwe niitwe
Second inywe -anyu mu- -ba- nainywe niinywe
Third abo -abo ba- -ba- nabo nubo
Class 3 gwo -agwo gu- -gu- nagwo nugwo
Class 4 yo -ayo e- -gi- nayo niyo
Class 5 lyo -alyo li- -li- nalyo niryo
Class 6 go -ago ga- -ga- nago nugo
Class 7 kyo -akyo ki- -ki- nakyo nikyo
Class 8 byo -abyo bi- -bi- nabyo nibyo
Class 9 yo -ayo e- -gi- nayo niyo
Class 10 zo -azo zi- -zi- nazo nizo
Class 11 rwo -arwo ru- -ru- narwo nurwo
Class 12 ko -ako ka- -ka- nako nuko
Class 13 two -atwo tu- -tu- natwo nutwo
Class 14 bwo -abwo bu- -bu- nabwo nubwo
Class 15 kwo -akwo ku- -ku- nakwo nukwo
Class 16 ho -aho ha- -ha- naho nuho
Class 17 (kwo) N/A ha-
(...-yo)		 -ha- N/A nukwo
Class 18 (mwo) -amwo ha-
(...-mu)		 -ha- N/A numwo
Reflexive -enyini, -onyini — -e- —

References
  • Kaji, Shigeki (2007) A Rutooro Vocabulary‎, Tokyo: Research Institute for Languages and Cultures of Asia and Africa (ILCAA), →ISBN, page 413

Tsonga

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *jʊ̀-mʊ̀-.

Prefix

mu-

  1. Class 1 noun prefix.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *gʊ́-mʊ̀-.

Alternative forms

Prefix

mu-

  1. Class 3 noun prefix.

Venda

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *jʊ̀-mʊ̀-.

Prefix

mu-

  1. Class 1 noun prefix.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *gʊ́-mʊ̀-.

Prefix

mu-

  1. Class 3 noun prefix.

Zulu

Etymology 1

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

Prefix

mu-

  1. Class 1 simple noun prefix.
Usage notes

The variant form m- is used before stems of more than one syllable.

Etymology 2

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

Prefix

mú-

  1. him, her, it; class 1 object concord.
Usage notes

The variant form m- is used before stems of more than one syllable.

Etymology 3

From Proto-Bantu *mʊ̀-.

Prefix

mu-

  1. Class 3 simple noun prefix.
Usage notes

The variant form m- is used before stems of more than one syllable.

References
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