grafa

See also: grāfa and grāfā

Icelandic

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈkraːva/
    Rhymes: -aːva

Etymology 1

From Old Norse grafa (“to dig”), from Proto-Germanic *grabaną, from Proto-Indo-European *gʰrābʰ- (“to dig, scratch, scrape”).

Verb

grafa (strong verb, third-person singular past indicative gróf, third-person plural past indicative grófu, supine grafið)

  1. to dig
  2. to bury
  3. to engrave
  4. to enquire
  5. (impersonal) to suppurate, fester
Conjugation
grafa — active voice (germynd)
infinitive
(nafnháttur)		 að grafa
supine
(sagnbót)		 grafið
present participle
(lýsingarháttur nútíðar)		 grafandi
indicative
(framsöguháttur)		 subjunctive
(viðtengingarháttur)
present
(nútíð)		 ég gref við gröfum present
(nútíð)		 ég grafi við gröfum
þú grefur þið grafið þú grafir þið grafið
hann, hún, það grefur þeir, þær, þau grafa hann, hún, það grafi þeir, þær, þau grafi
past
(þátíð)		 ég gróf við grófum past
(þátíð)		 ég græfi við græfum
þú grófst þið grófuð þú græfir þið græfuð
hann, hún, það gróf þeir, þær, þau grófu hann, hún, það græfi þeir, þær, þau græfu
imperative
(boðháttur)		 graf (þú) grafið (þið)
Forms with appended personal pronoun
grafðu grafiði *
* Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred.
grafast — mediopassive voice (miðmynd)
infinitive
(nafnháttur)		 að grafast
supine
(sagnbót)		 grafist
present participle
(lýsingarháttur nútíðar)		 grafandist **
** the mediopassive present participle is extremely rare and normally not used; it is never used attributively or predicatively, only for explicatory subclauses
indicative
(framsöguháttur)		 subjunctive
(viðtengingarháttur)
present
(nútíð)		 ég grefst við gröfumst present
(nútíð)		 ég grafist við gröfumst
þú grefst þið grafist þú grafist þið grafist
hann, hún, það grefst þeir, þær, þau grafast hann, hún, það grafist þeir, þær, þau grafist
past
(þátíð)		 ég grófst við grófumst past
(þátíð)		 ég græfist við græfumst
þú grófst þið grófust þú græfist þið græfust
hann, hún, það grófst þeir, þær, þau grófust hann, hún, það græfist þeir, þær, þau græfust
imperative
(boðháttur)		 grafst (þú) grafist (þið)
Forms with appended personal pronoun
grafstu grafisti *
* Spoken form, usually not written; in writing, the unappended plural form (optionally followed by the full pronoun) is preferred.
grafinn — past participle (lýsingarháttur þátíðar)
strong declension
(sterk beyging)		 singular (eintala) plural (fleirtala)
masculine
(karlkyn)		 feminine
(kvenkyn)		 neuter
(hvorugkyn)		 masculine
(karlkyn)		 feminine
(kvenkyn)		 neuter
(hvorugkyn)
nominative
(nefnifall)		 grafinn grafin grafið grafnir grafnar grafin
accusative
(þolfall)		 grafinn grafna grafið grafna grafnar grafin
dative
(þágufall)		 gröfnum grafinni gröfnu gröfnum gröfnum gröfnum
genitive
(eignarfall)		 grafins grafinnar grafins grafinna grafinna grafinna
weak declension
(veik beyging) 		singular (eintala) plural (fleirtala)
masculine
(karlkyn)		 feminine
(kvenkyn)		 neuter
(hvorugkyn)		 masculine
(karlkyn)		 feminine
(kvenkyn)		 neuter
(hvorugkyn)
nominative
(nefnifall)		 grafni grafna grafna gröfnu gröfnu gröfnu
accusative
(þolfall)		 grafna gröfnu grafna gröfnu gröfnu gröfnu
dative
(þágufall)		 grafna gröfnu grafna gröfnu gröfnu gröfnu
genitive
(eignarfall)		 grafna gröfnu grafna gröfnu gröfnu gröfnu
Synonyms
  • (to bury): greftra
  • (to engrave): skera
  • (to enquire): grafast, spyrja
Derived terms
  • grafa skurði (“to trench”)
  • grafa undan (“to undermine”)

Etymology 2

From the verb grafa (“to dig”).

A modern excavator.

Noun

grafa f (genitive singular gröfu, nominative plural gröfur)

  1. an excavator, a digger; (large machine used to dig holes and trenches)
Declension
declension of grafa
f-w1 singular plural
indefinite definite indefinite definite
nominative grafa grafan gröfur gröfurnar
accusative gröfu gröfuna gröfur gröfurnar
dative gröfu gröfunni gröfum gröfunum
genitive gröfu gröfunnar grafa grafanna
Derived terms
  • keðjugrafa (“trencher”)
  • traktorsgrafa (“excavator loader”)
  • vélgrafa (“mechanical excavator”)
  • víragrafa (“rope-operated excavator”)
  • vökvagrafa (“hydraulic excavator”)

Noun

grafa

  1. indefinite genitive plural of gröf

Irish

Participle

grafa

  1. past participle of graf (“write; draw, sketch; graph, plot, chart”)

Noun

grafa m sg

  1. genitive singular of grafadh

Noun

grafa m pl

  1. vocative plural of graf (“graph, chart”)

Mutation
Irish mutation
Radical Lenition Eclipsis
grafa ghrafa ngrafa
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

Lithuanian

Pronunciation
  • (grafà) IPA(key): /ɡraˈfa/

Noun

grafà f (plural grafos) stress pattern 2[1]

  1. space between two vertical lines;[1] column[2]

Declension
Declension of grafà
singular (vienaskaita) plural (daugiskaita)
nominative (vardininkas) grafà grafos
genitive (kilmininkas) grafos grafų
dative (naudininkas) grafai grafoms
accusative (galininkas) grafą grafàs
instrumental (įnagininkas) grafà grafomis
locative (vietininkas) grafoje grafose
vocative (šauksmininkas) grafa grafos

Synonyms
  • skiltis f

References
  1. Lietuvių kalbos žodynas (t. I–XX, 1941–2002): elektroninis variantas. Redaktorių kolegija: Gertrūda Naktinienė (vyr. redaktorė), Jonas Paulauskas, Ritutė Petrokienė, Vytautas Vitkauskas, Jolanta Zabarskaitė. Programuotojai: Evaldas Ožeraitis, Vytautas Zinkevičius. – Vilnius: Lietuvių kalbos institutas, 2005 (atnaujinta versija, 2017). – http://www.lkz.lt. →ISBN
  2. Martsinkyavitshute, Victoria (1993), Hippocrene Concise Dictionary: Lithuanian-English/English-Lithuanian. New York: Hippocrene Books. →ISBN

Old Norse

Etymology

From Proto-Germanic *grabaną.

Verb

grafa

  1. to dig
  2. to bury
  3. to engrave
  4. to enquire (also in middle voice: grafask)
  5. (impersonal) to cause the formation of pus (in something); suppurate

Conjugation
Conjugation of grafa — active (strong class 6)
infinitive grafa
present participle grafandi
past participle grafinn
indicative present past
1st-person singular gref gróf
2nd-person singular grefr gróft
3rd-person singular grefr gróf
1st-person plural grǫfum grófum
2nd-person plural grafið grófuð
3rd-person plural grafa grófu
subjunctive present past
1st-person singular grafa grœfa
2nd-person singular grafir grœfir
3rd-person singular grafi grœfi
1st-person plural grafim grœfim
2nd-person plural grafið grœfið
3rd-person plural grafi grœfi
imperative present
2nd-person singular graf
1st-person plural grǫfum
2nd-person plural grafið
Conjugation of grafa — mediopassive (strong class 6)
infinitive grafask
present participle grafandisk
past participle grafizk
indicative present past
1st-person singular grǫfumk grófumk
2nd-person singular grefsk grófzk
3rd-person singular grefsk grófsk
1st-person plural grǫfumsk grófumsk
2nd-person plural grafizk grófuzk
3rd-person plural grafask grófusk
subjunctive present past
1st-person singular grǫfumk grœfumk
2nd-person singular grafisk grœfisk
3rd-person singular grafisk grœfisk
1st-person plural grafimsk grœfimsk
2nd-person plural grafizk grœfizk
3rd-person plural grafisk grœfisk
imperative present
2nd-person singular grafsk
1st-person plural grǫfumsk
2nd-person plural grafizk
  • grǫf

Descendants
  • Icelandic: grafa
  • Faroese: grava
  • Norwegian:
  • Elfdalian: gråvå
  • Old Swedish: grava, græva
    • Swedish: grava, gräva; grafva, gräfva (pre-1906 spelling)
  • Danish: grave

References
  • “grafa”, in Geir T. Zoëga (1910) A Concise Dictionary of Old Icelandic, Oxford: Clarendon Press

Portuguese

Verb

grafa

  1. inflection of grafar:
    1. third-person singular present indicative
    2. second-person singular imperative

Scottish Gaelic

Noun

grafa m sg

  1. genitive singular of graf

Mutation
Scottish Gaelic mutation
Radical Lenition
grafaghrafa
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.
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