benaid
Old Irish
Etymology
From Proto-Celtic *binati (“to strike, hit”), from Proto-Indo-European *bʰeyh₂- (“to strike”).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈbʲenɨðʲ]
Verb
benaid (conjunct ·ben, verbal noun béim or bíth)
- to hit, strike
- c. 700–800 Táin Bó Cúailnge, published in Táin Bó Cúailnge. Recension I (1976, Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Cecile O'Rahilly, TBC-I 1353
- Bentai Cú Chulaind cona chlaidiub asa díb n-axalaib co torchair a étach de, ⁊ ní forbai ima chnes.
- Cú Chulainn struck him [Etarcomol] with his sword under his armpits so that his garments fell off of him, yet he did not cut into his skin.
- c. 760 Blathmac mac Con Brettan, published in "A study of the lexicon of the poems of Blathmac Son of Cú Brettan" (2017; PhD thesis, National University of Ireland Maynooth), edited and with translations by Siobhán Barrett, stanza 51
- Bíthi cloï tria chossa, alaili tria bánbossa.
- Nails were driven through his feet, others through his white palms.
- c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 39a19
- nu·n-ailte .i. no·mbethe son.
- that he be struck, i.e. that he be beaten.
- c. 700–800 Táin Bó Cúailnge, published in Táin Bó Cúailnge. Recension I (1976, Dublin: Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Cecile O'Rahilly, TBC-I 1353
Conjugation
Simple, class B IV present, reduplicated preterite, i future, a subjunctive
| 1st sg. | 2nd sg. | 3rd sg. | 1st pl. | 2nd pl. | 3rd pl. | Passive sg. | Passive pl. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present indicative | Abs. | benaim | benai | benaid; bentai (with suffixed pronoun -i) | benait | benir, benair | |||
| Conj. | ·rubaim (ro-form) | ·ben | ·benat | ·bentar | |||||
| Rel. | benas | benar | |||||||
| Imperfect indicative | ·benad | ·bentais | |||||||
| Preterite | Abs. | béo | bí | bíthai | |||||
| Conj. | ·bí | ·béotar | ·bíth | ·bítha | |||||
| Rel. | bie | ||||||||
| Perfect | Deut. | ro·bí | ro·béotar | ro·bíth | ro·bítha | ||||
| Prot. | ·ruba | ·ruba | ·rubai | ·rubatar | ·rubad | ||||
| Future | Abs. | biu | bíthus (with suffixed pronoun -us) | ||||||
| Conj. | ·biu | ·biter | |||||||
| Rel. | |||||||||
| Conditional | ·biad | ·bithe | |||||||
| Present subjunctive | Abs. | bethir | betir | ||||||
| Conj. | ·rubai (ro-form) | ·bia | ·bether; ·ruibther (ro-form) | ||||||
| Rel. | |||||||||
| Past subjunctive | ·rubad (prototonic ro-form) | ro·betais (deuterotonic ro-form); ·rubaitis, ·rubtais (prototonic ro-form) | ·bethae | ||||||
| Imperative | ben | benad | benaid | benat | benar | ||||
| Verbal noun | béim; bíth | ||||||||
| Past participle | bíthe | ||||||||
| Verbal of necessity | bethi | ||||||||
Derived terms
Descendants
- Irish: bain
Mutation
| Old Irish mutation | ||
|---|---|---|
| Radical | Lenition | Nasalization |
| benaid | benaid pronounced with /v(ʲ)-/ |
mbenaid |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | ||
Further reading
- G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “benaid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
- Pedersen, Holger (1913) Vergleichende Grammatik der keltischen Sprachen (in German), volume II, Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht, →ISBN, page 461
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