陷

See also: 陥

陷	U+9677, 陷 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-9677

← 陶
[U+9676]

CJK Unified Ideographs

陸 →
[U+9678]

Translingual

Han character

陷 (Kangxi radical 170, 阜+8, 11 strokes, cangjie input 弓中弓竹難 (NLNHX), four-corner 7727₇, composition ⿰阝臽)

Derived characters

𠽏, 𥊥, 𨄽

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 1354, character 12

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 41707

Dae Jaweon: page 1858, character 3

Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4140, character 1

Unihan data for U+9677

Chinese

simp. and trad.		陷
alternative forms		陥䧟𨺻臽埳 ^‡ 陥䧟𨺻臽埳 ^‡ 𨺂 ^‡

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 陷
Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (臽) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
萏	*l'oːmʔ
窞	*l'oːmʔ
惂	*kʰloːmʔ
輡	*kʰloːmʔ
錎	kʰloːmʔ, ɡroːms
埳	*kʰloːmʔ
臽	kʰloːmʔ, ɡroːms
淊	ɡloːmʔ, qroːm, qroːms, lomʔ
欿	*ɡloːmʔ
蜭	ɡloːmʔ, ɡluːms
啗	l'aːmʔ, l'aːms
鵮	ʔr'oːm, kʰroːm, *kʰroːms
餡	*ɡroːms
陷	*ɡroːms
爓	ljom, loms
諂	*l̥ʰomʔ
讇	*l̥ʰomʔ
閻	*lom
焰	*loms
壛	*lom
櫩	*lom
燄	*lomʔ
掐	*kʰroːb

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *ɡroːms) and ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 阜 (“row of hills”) + phonetic 臽 (OC *kʰloːmʔ, *ɡroːms, “person falling into trap”).

Originally written 臽.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): xiàn (xian⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄒㄧㄢˋ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): han⁴ / xian⁴
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): ham⁶, haam⁶

(Taishan, Wiktionary): ham⁵
Gan (Wiktionary): han⁵
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): ham

(Meixian, Guangdong): ham⁴
Jin (Wiktionary): xie³ / han³
Northern Min (KCR): hāng
Eastern Min (BUC): hâng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): hām

(Teochew, Peng'im): ham⁷
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁶yi; ⁶ghe
Xiang (Changsha, Wiktionary): han⁴

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: xiàn
  - Zhuyin: ㄒㄧㄢˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: siàn
  - Wade–Giles: hsien⁴
  - Yale: syàn
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: shiann
  - Palladius: сянь (sjanʹ)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ɕi̯ɛn⁵¹/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: han⁴ / xian⁴
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: xan / xian
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xan²¹³/, /ɕiɛn²¹³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: ham⁶, haam⁶
  - Yale: hahm, haahm
  - Cantonese Pinyin: ham⁶, haam⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: hem⁶, ham⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɐm²²/, /haːm²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: ham⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ham³²/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: han⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /han¹¹/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: ham
  - Hakka Romanization System: ham
  - Hagfa Pinyim: ham⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ham⁵⁵/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: ham⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /ham⁵³/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: xie³ / han³
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /ɕie⁴⁵/, /xæ̃⁴⁵/

Note:

xie3 - literary;
han3 - vernacular.

Northern Min
- (Jian'ou)
  - Kienning Colloquial Romanized: hāng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xaŋ⁵⁵/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: hâng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɑŋ²⁴²/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: hām
  - Tâi-lô: hām
  - Phofsit Daibuun: ham
  - IPA (Xiamen): /ham²²/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /ham⁴¹/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /ham²²/
  - IPA (Taipei): /ham³³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /ham³³/
- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: ham⁷
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: hām
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /ham¹¹/
Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ⁶yi; ⁶ghe
  - MiniDict: yi^去; ghe^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ³hhi; ³hhe
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /ɦi²³/, /ɦe²³/

Note:

3hhi - literary;
3hhe - vernacular.

Xiang
- (Changsha)
  - Wiktionary: han⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /xan⁴⁵/

Dialectal data

Variety	Location	edit 陷
Mandarin	Beijing	/ɕian⁵¹/
	Harbin	/ɕian⁵³/ /ɕyan⁵³/
	Tianjin	/ɕian⁵³/
	Jinan	/ɕiã²¹/
	Qingdao	/ɕiã⁴²/
	Zhengzhou	/ɕian³¹²/
	Xi'an	/ɕiã⁵³/
	Xining	/ɕiã²¹³/
	Yinchuan	/ɕian¹³/
	Lanzhou	/ɕiɛ̃n¹³/
	Ürümqi	/ɕian²¹³/
	Wuhan	/ɕiɛn³⁵/ ～害 /xan⁴²/
	Chengdu	/xan¹³/ /ɕian¹³/
	Guiyang	/ɕian²¹³/ /xan²¹³/
	Kunming	/ɕiɛ̃²¹²/
	Nanjing	/ɕien⁴⁴/
	Hefei	/ɕiĩ⁵³/
Jin	Taiyuan	/ɕie⁴⁵/ 下～ /xæ̃⁴⁵/ ～在泥裡
	Pingyao	/ɕiɑŋ³⁵/
	Hohhot	/ɕie⁵⁵/
Wu	Shanghai	/ɦe²³/ /ɦie²³/
	Suzhou	/ɦiɪ³¹/
	Hangzhou	/ɦiẽ̞¹³/
	Wenzhou	/ɦa²²/
Hui	Shexian	/ɕie²²/ /xɛ²²/
Hui	Tunxi	/siɛ⁴²/
Xiang	Changsha	/xan⁵⁵/
Xiang	Xiangtan	/han⁵⁵/
Gan	Nanchang	/han²¹/
Hakka	Meixian	/ham⁵³/
Hakka	Taoyuan	/hɑm⁵⁵/
Cantonese	Guangzhou	/ham²²/
	Nanning	/ham²²/
	Hong Kong	/hɐm²²/
Min	Xiamen (Hokkien)	/ham²²/
	Fuzhou (Eastern Min)	/hɑŋ²⁴²/
	Jian'ou (Northern Min)	/xaŋ⁴⁴/
	Shantou (Teochew)	/ham³¹/
	Haikou (Hainanese)	/ham³³/

Middle Chinese: heamH

Rime
Character	陷
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	匣 (33)
Final (韻)	咸 (151)
Tone (調)	Departing (H)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	II
Fanqie	戸韽切
Baxter	heamH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/ɦˠɛm^H/
Pan Wuyun	/ɦᵚæm^H/
Shao Rongfen	/ɣɐm^H/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/ɦəɨm^H/
Li Rong	/ɣɐm^H/
Wang Li	/ɣɐm^H/
Bernard Karlgren	/ɣăm^H/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	xiàn
Expected Cantonese Reflex	haam⁶

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[ɢ]ˤromʔ-s/

(Zhengzhang): /*ɡroːms/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	陷
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	xiàn
Middle Chinese	‹ hɛm^H ›
Old Chinese	/*[ɢ]ˁromʔ-s/
English	fall into a pit
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	陷
Reading #	1/1
No.	13556
Phonetic component	臽
Rime group	談
Rime subdivision	3
Corresponding MC rime	陷
Old Chinese	/*ɡroːms/
Notes	臽轉註字

Definitions

陷

to submerge; to sink; to plunge
to be captured
to breach; to break through; to make a breakthrough
trap (device designed to catch animals)
to frame; to entrap; to set up; to bring up someone on false charges
to sink
fault; defect; drawback

Synonyms

(to breach):

攻破 (gōngpò)
突破 (tūpò)

(trap): 陷阱 (xiànjǐng)
(to frame):

坑 (kēng)
坑害 (kēnghài)
構陷／构陷 (gòuxiàn)
陷害 (xiànhài)

(fault):

弊害 (bìhài)
弊病 (bìbìng)
弊端 (bìduān)
欠缺 (qiànquē)
毛病 (máobìng)
短處／短处 (duǎnchu)
缺失 (quēshī)
缺欠 (quēqiàn)
缺陷 (quēxiàn)
缺點／缺点 (quēdiǎn)

Compounds

下陷 (xiàxiàn)
傾陷／倾陷
先天缺陷 (xiāntiān quēxiàn)
凹陷 (āoxiàn)
地層下陷／地层下陷
地盤下陷／地盘下陷
地陷 (dìxiàn)
坑陷
塌陷 (tāxiàn)
天塌地陷
失陷 (shīxiàn)
山崩地陷
崩陷 (bēngxiàn)
搆陷／构陷 (gòuxiàn)
摧堅陷陣／摧坚陷阵
摧鋒陷陣／摧锋陷阵
摧陷
摧陷廓清
擠陷／挤陷
攻陷 (gōngxiàn)
構陷／构陷 (gòuxiàn)
沉陷 (chénxiàn)
深陷 (shēnxiàn)
淪陷／沦陷 (lúnxiàn)
淪陷區／沦陷区 (lúnxiànqū)
精神缺陷 (jīngshén quēxiàn)
缺陷 (quēxiàn)
自墜陷阱／自坠陷阱
蟄陷／蛰陷
衝堅陷陣／冲坚陷阵
衝鋒陷陣／冲锋陷阵 (chōngfēngxiànzhèn)
衝陷／冲陷 (chōngxiàn)
誣陷／诬陷 (wūxiàn)
身陷縲絏／身陷缧绁
陷人坑
陷入 (xiànrù)
陷入絕境／陷入绝境
陷坑 (xiànkēng)
陷堅破陣／陷坚破阵
陷害 (xiànhài)
陷沒／陷没
陷溺
陷滯／陷滞
陷眠 (hām-bîn) (Min Nan)
陷落 (xiànluò)
陷身 (xiànshēn)
陷車／陷车
陷阱 (xiànjǐng)
陷陣／陷阵 (xiànzhèn)

Japanese

Shinjitai	陥
Kyūjitai	陷

Kanji

陷

(“Jinmeiyō” kanji used for names, kyūjitai kanji, shinjitai form 陥)

fall into
cave in
fall (castle)
slide into

Readings

On (unclassified): かん (kan)
Kun: おちいる (ochiiru, 陷る); おとしいれる (otoshiireru, 陷れる)

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 陷 (MC heamH). Recorded as Middle Korean 함〯 (hǎm) (Yale: ham) in Hunmong Jahoe (訓蒙字會 / 훈몽자회), 1527.

Hanja

Wikisource 陷 (eumhun 빠질 함 (ppajil ham))

Hanja form^? of 함 (“fall into”).

Compounds

결함 (缺陷, gyeolham)
모함 (謀陷, moham)
함락 (陷落, hamnak)
함몰 (陷沒, hammol)
함정 (陷穽, hamjeong)
함성 (陷城, hamseong)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

陷: Hán Nôm readings: hãm, hẳm, hỏm, hoắm, hóm

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