垢

垢	U+57A2, 垢 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-57A2

← 垡
[U+57A1]

CJK Unified Ideographs

垣 →
[U+57A3]

Translingual

Han character

垢 (Kangxi radical 32, 土+6, 9 strokes, cangjie input 土竹一口 (GHMR), four-corner 4216₁, composition ⿰土后)

Derived characters

𢞄, 𬈉

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 228, character 19

Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 5058

Dae Jaweon: page 464, character 15

Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 440, character 1

Unihan data for U+57A2

Chinese

simp. and trad.		垢
alternative forms		坸𡊦

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (后) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
垢	*koːʔ
詬	koːʔ, kʰoːs, *qʰoːs
茩	*koːʔ
姤	*koːs
銗	*ɡoː
骺	*ɡoː
后	ɡoːʔ, ɡoːs
垕	*ɡoːʔ
郈	*ɡoːʔ
逅	*ɡoːs
鲘
缿	ɡoːs, ɡroːŋʔ

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): gòu (gou⁴)

(Zhuyin): ㄍㄡˋ
Cantonese (Jyutping): gau³
Hakka (Sixian, PFS): kiéu
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): káu / kó͘ / kió

(Teochew, Peng'im): gao² / gou³

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: gòu
  - Zhuyin: ㄍㄡˋ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: gòu
  - Wade–Giles: kou⁴
  - Yale: gòu
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: gow
  - Palladius: гоу (gou)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /koʊ̯⁵¹/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: gau³
  - Yale: gau
  - Cantonese Pinyin: gau³
  - Guangdong Romanization: geo³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kɐu̯³³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: kiéu
  - Hakka Romanization System: gieu`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: gieu³
  - Sinological IPA: /ki̯eu̯³¹/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, General Taiwanese)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: káu
  - Tâi-lô: káu
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kao
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou, Taipei): /kau⁵³/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kau⁵⁵⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kau⁴¹/
- (Hokkien: Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kó͘
  - Tâi-lô: kóo
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kor
  - IPA (Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kɔ⁵³/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kió
  - Tâi-lô: kió
  - Phofsit Daibuun: kioir
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kio⁵⁵⁴/

Note:

káu - vernacular;
kió/kó͘ - literary.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: gao² / gou³
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: káu / kòu
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kau⁵²/, /kou²¹³/

Note:

gao2 - vernacular;
gou3 - literary.

Middle Chinese: kuwX

Rime
Character	垢
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	見 (28)
Final (韻)	侯 (137)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	古厚切
Baxter	kuwX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kəu^X/
Pan Wuyun	/kəu^X/
Shao Rongfen	/kəu^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kəw^X/
Li Rong	/ku^X/
Wang Li	/kəu^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/kə̯u^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	gǒu
Expected Cantonese Reflex	gau²

Old Chinese
(Zhengzhang): /*koːʔ/

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	垢
Reading #	1/1
No.	5160
Phonetic component	后
Rime group	侯
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	苟
Old Chinese	/*koːʔ/

Definitions

垢

filth; dirt
油垢 ― yóugòu ― greasy dirt
- 不吹毛而求小疵，不洗垢而察難知。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  不吹毛而求小疵，不洗垢而察难知。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Han Feizi, circa 2^nd century BCE
  Bù chuī máo ér qiú xiǎo cī, bù xǐ gòu ér chá nán zhī. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
filthy
- 不生不滅不垢不淨不增不減 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  不生不灭不垢不净不增不减 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: Xuanzang's translation of the Heart Sutra, 649
  bù shēng bù miè bù gòu bù jìng bù zēng bù jiǎn [Pinyin]
  Nothing is born, nothing destroyed; nothing is filth, nothing is clean; nothing increases, nothing decreases.
(obsolete) dust
(literary) shame
alt. forms: 詬／诟 (gòu)

Synonyms

Dialectal synonyms of 皴 (“grime on one's skin”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		污垢
Mandarin	Beijing	皴兒, 皴, 泥兒, 泥拘拘兒, 泥拘溜兒, 泥卷兒
	Taiwan	污垢
	Harbin	皴
	Luoyang	垢圿
	Xi'an	垢圿
	Yinchuan	垢圿
	Lanzhou	垢圿
	Ürümqi	垢圿
	Wuhan	圪漬
	Chengdu	圿圿
	Guiyang	格膩
	Xuzhou	疙子
	Yangzhou	𪣩
	Nanjing	古漆頭兒, 古漆, 古𪣩
	Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan)	垢圿
Cantonese	Guangzhou	老泥
	Hong Kong	老泥
	Taishan	老泥
	Kaiping (Chikan)	老泥
	Dongguan	老絡
Gan	Nanchang	垢圿
Gan	Pingxiang	老㿸, 㿸
Hakka	Meixian	㿸
	Xingning	㿸, 㿸膠哩
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	㿸
	Miaoli (Gongguan; N. Sixian)	㿸
	Miaoli (Zhuolan; N. Sixian)	㿸
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	㿸
	Pingtung (Wuluo, Ligang; S. Sixian)	㿸
	Kaohsiung (Meinong; S. Sixian)	㿸
	Kaohsiung (Shanlin; S. Sixian)	㿸
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	㿸
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	㿸
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	㿸
	Miaoli (Zhuolan; Raoping)	㿸
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	㿸
	Hong Kong	㿸牯
Jin	Taiyuan	圪搓搓
Jin	Xinzhou	黑水
Northern Min	Jian'ou	垢
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	垢
Southern Min	Xiamen	鉎, 垢圿
	Quanzhou	垢圿
	Zhao'an	垢糗
	Taipei	鉎
	New Taipei (Tamsui)	鉎
	New Taipei (Sanxia)	鉎
	New Taipei (Pingxi)	鉎
	Kaohsiung	鉎
	Kaohsiung (Cijin)	鉎
	Kaohsiung (Hongmaogang, Siaogang)	鉎
	Kaohsiung (Dalinpu, Siaogang)	鉎
	Kaohsiung (Tianliao)	鉎
	Yilan (Luodong)	鉎
	Yilan (Toucheng)	鉎
	Tainan	鉎, 垢圿鉎
	Tainan (Anping)	鉎
	Kinmen	鉎
	Penghu (Magong)	鉎
	Penghu (Xiyu)	鉎
	Manila (Hokkien)	垢圿
	Shantou	垢圿
	Jieyang	垢圿, 垢圿丸
	Leizhou	垢圿
	Haikou	垢圿
Zhongshan Min	Sanxiang	㾪塗
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	老泥
Wu	Shanghai	𪣩, 老𪣩
	Danyang	𪣩
	Ningbo	泥鏽
	Wenzhou	零藏
Xiang	Changsha	㿸圿子, 㿸

Compounds

七垢
三垢
中垢
亂首垢面／乱首垢面
僂垢／偻垢
八垢
刮垢磨光
刮垢磨痕
匿瑕含垢
含垢
含垢包羞
含垢匿瑕
含垢忍恥／含垢忍耻
含垢忍污
含垢忍辱
含垢棄瑕／含垢弃瑕
含垢納污／含垢纳污
吹垢索瘢
含垢藏瑕
含垢藏疾
吹毛洗垢
吹毛索垢
含污忍垢
含瑕積垢／含瑕积垢
囂垢／嚣垢
囚首垢面
垢俗
垢厲／垢厉
垢坌
垢塵／垢尘
垢弊
垢恥／垢耻
垢敝
垢染
垢氛
垢污
垢泥
垢洿
垢滓
垢濁／垢浊
垢獘／垢毙
垢玩
垢病
垢穢／垢秽
垢紛／垢纷
垢累
垢翫／垢玩
垢膩／垢腻
垢蠹
垢誤／垢误
垢辱
垢離／垢离
垢面
垢面蓬頭／垢面蓬头
垢黷／垢黩
埃垢
塵垢／尘垢 (chéngòu)
塵垢囊／尘垢囊
塵垢秕糠／尘垢秕糠
宿垢
心垢
忍垢
忍垢偷生
忍恥含垢／忍耻含垢
忍辱含垢
打骸垢
披髮垢面／披发垢面
攻瑕索垢
有垢
楊妃垢／杨妃垢
櫛垢爬癢／栉垢爬痒
氛垢
汗垢
污垢 (wūgòu)
污手垢面
泥垢 (nígòu)
油垢 (yóugòu)
洗垢匿瑕
洗垢尋痕／洗垢寻痕
洗垢求瑕
洗垢求瘢
洗垢索瘢
滋垢
滓垢
滌瑕蕩垢／涤瑕荡垢
澡垢索疵
灰垢
無垢／无垢
無垢衣／无垢衣
牙垢 (yágòu)
瑕垢
疵垢
痛湔宿垢
眥垢／眦垢
秦垢
積垢／积垢
穢垢／秽垢
穢德垢行／秽德垢行
索垢吹瘢
索垢尋疵／索垢寻疵
納垢藏污／纳垢藏污
納污含垢／纳污含垢
納污藏垢／纳污藏垢
纖垢／纤垢
罪垢
耳垢 (ěrgòu)
脫垢離塵／脱垢离尘
膩垢／腻垢
蓬垢
蓬頭垢面／蓬头垢面 (péngtóugòumiàn)
蓬首垢面 (péngshǒugòumiàn)
蕩垢滌污／荡垢涤污
藏垢懷恥／藏垢怀耻
藏垢納污／藏垢纳污 (cánggòunàwū)
藏污納垢／藏污纳垢 (cángwūnàgòu)
解垢
貪垢／贪垢
輕垢／轻垢
鍋垢／锅垢
除污去垢
離垢／离垢 (lígòu)
離垢地／离垢地
面垢
頭垢／头垢 (tóugòu)
飾垢掩疵／饰垢掩疵
鬅頭垢面／鬅头垢面
齒垢／齿垢 (chǐgòu)

Japanese

Kanji

垢

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

grime

Readings

Go-on: く (ku)
Kan-on: こう (kō)
Kun: あか (aka, 垢); はじ (haji, 垢)

Compounds

頭垢(ふけ) (fuke): dandruff
目垢(めあか) (meaka): rheum

Etymology 1

Kanji in this term
垢
あか Hyōgaiji
kun’yomi

(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) あか [àkáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[1][2]
IPA^(key): [a̠ka̠]

Noun

垢(あか) • (aka)

scum
dirt

Etymology 2

Kanji in this term
垢
あか Hyōgaiji (ateji)
kun’yomi

ateji (当て字), short for English account.

Pronunciation

(Tokyo) あか [àkáꜜ] (Odaka – [2])[1][2]
IPA^(key): [a̠ka̠]

Noun

垢(あか) • (aka)

(slang, computing) account
垢(あか)BAN(バン)
aka-ban
ban of one's account

さっきプレミアム垢(あか)にしてきたので画質(がしつ)テスト版(ばん)です。
Sakki puremiamu aka ni shitekita no de gashitsu tesuto ban desu.
I just made my account a premium account, so this is a video quality test version.

Etymology 3

Kanji in this term
垢
く Hyōgaiji
on’yomi

Pronunciation

IPA^(key): [kɯ̟ᵝ]

Noun

垢(く) • (ku)

klesha

References

Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN

Korean

Hanja

垢 • (gu) (hangeul 구, revised gu, McCune–Reischauer ku)

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

垢: Hán Nôm readings: cấu, cáu

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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[DJR-1] Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

[NHK-2] NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN