侍

侍 U+4F8D, 侍
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-4F8D
← 侌
[U+4F8C] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 侎 →
[U+4F8E]

Translingual
Stroke order
8 strokes

Han character

侍 (Kangxi radical 9, 人+6, 8 strokes, cangjie input 人土木戈 (OGDI), four-corner 24241, composition ⿰亻寺)

Derived characters

References
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 101, character 26
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 589
  • Dae Jaweon: page 215, character 7
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 143, character 17
  • Unihan data for U+4F8D

Chinese
trad. 侍
simp. # 侍

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 侍
Small seal script

s05766

Transcribed ancient scripts

L19117

L19118

L19119

L19120

References:

Mostly from Richard Sears' Chinese Etymology site (authorisation),
which in turn draws data from various collections of ancient forms of Chinese characters, including:

  • Shuowen Jiezi (small seal),
  • Jinwen Bian (bronze inscriptions),
  • Liushutong (Liushutong characters) and
  • Yinxu Jiaguwen Bian (oracle bone script).
Characters in the same phonetic series (寺) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
等 *tɯːʔ, *tɯːŋʔ
待 *dɯːʔ
寺 *ljɯs
持 *l'ɯ
峙 *dɯʔ
痔 *dɯʔ
跱 *dɯʔ
歭 *dɯʔ
洔 *dɯʔ, *tjɯʔ
畤 *dɯʔ, *tjɯʔ, *djɯʔ
秲 *dɯʔ, *djɯs
庤 *dɯʔ
時 *djɯ
鰣 *djɯ
塒 *djɯ
蒔 *djɯ, *djɯs
榯 *djɯ
恃 *djɯʔ
侍 *djɯs
詩 *hljɯ
邿 *hljɯ
特 *dɯːɡ

Pronunciation

Note:
  • sī/sīr - literary;
  • sāi - vernacular;
  • sū - vernacular (俗).
Rime
Character 侍
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 常 (25)
Final (韻) 之 (19)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) III
Fanqie 時吏切
Baxter dzyiH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /d͡ʑɨH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /d͡ʑɨH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /d͡ʑieH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /d͡ʑɨH/
Li
Rong		 /ʑiəH/
Wang
Li		 /ʑĭəH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /ʑiH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 shì
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 si6
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 侍
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 shì
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ dzyiH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*[d]əʔ-s/
English accompany, wait upon

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 侍
Reading # 1/1
No. 12049
Phonetic
component		 寺
Rime
group		 之
Rime
subdivision		 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 侍
Old
Chinese		 /*djɯs/

Definitions

侍

  1. to wait upon; to serve
  2. attendant; servant
  3. a surname: Shi

Compounds

Japanese

Kanji
侍

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. samurai
  2. wait upon, serve

Readings

Compounds
Compounds

Etymology 1
Kanji in this term
侍
さむらい
Grade: S
kun’yomi
Alternative spelling
士

⟨sa morapi1⟩ → /saburapi/ → /saburafi/ → /samurawi/ → /samurai/

Sound shift from saburai (see below), itself the 連用形 (ren'yōkei, stem or continuative form) of classical verb 侍ふ (saburafu, “to serve”, modern saburau), ultimately derived from さ (sa-, prefix of uncertain meaning) + 守らふ (morafu, “to keep watch”, modern morau).

The shift from saburaf- → samuraf- is due to the development of the 女性語 (josei-go, “women's language”) in Middle Japanese. A different development of this b is seen in 候 (sōrō, “service”, classical saurafu).

Pronunciation
  • (Tokyo) さむらい [sàmúráí] (Heiban – [0])[1][2]
  • IPA(key): [sa̠mɯ̟ᵝɾa̠i]
  • Audio(file)

Noun

侍(さむらい) • (samurai) ←さむらひ (samurafi)?

  1. (historical) a warrior class in medieval and pre-modern Japan; samurai
    Synonym: 武士 (bushi)
  2. one who serves nearby:
    1. a servant
    2. a retainer
  3. Short for 侍所 (samurai-dokoro): the Board of Retainers in the Kamakura and Muromachi periods.
  4. an above-average person
Derived terms
Derived terms
  • 侍(さむらい)気質(かたぎ) (samurai katagi)
  • 田舎(いなか)侍(ざむらい) (inaka-zamurai)
  • 犬(いぬ)侍(ざむらい) (inuzamurai)
  • 忰(かせ)侍(ざむらい) (kase-zamurai)
  • 国(くに)侍(ざむらい) (kuni-zamurai)
  • 若(わか)侍(ざむらい) (waka-zamurai)
Idioms
  • 黄(こ)金(がね)と侍(さむらい)は朽(く)ちても朽(く)ちぬ (kogane to samurai wa kuchite mo kuchinu)
See also

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
侍
さぶらい
Grade: S
kun’yomi

⟨sa morapi1⟩ → /saburapi/ → /saburafi/ → /saburawi/ → /saburai/

The 連用形 (ren'yōkei, stem or continuative form) of classical verb 侍ふ (saburafu, “to serve”).

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [sa̠bɯ̟ᵝɾa̠i]

Noun

侍(さぶらい) • (saburai) ←さぶらひ (saburafi)?

  1. (archaic) one who serves nearby:
    1. a servant
    2. a retainer
    3. a warrior; particularly, a samurai
      • 1603–1604, Nippo Jisho, page 545:
        [3]
        Saburai. サブライ(侍) 貴族, または,尊敬すべき人〔武士〕.
  2. Synonym of 下侍 (shimosaburai): This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.
  3. Short for 侍所 (saburai-dokoro): a samurai guardhouse in the Heian period

References
  1. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  2. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  3. Doi, Tadao (1603–1604) Hōyaku Nippo Jisho (in Japanese), Tōkyō: Iwanami Shoten, published 1980, →ISBN.

Korean

Hanja

侍 (eum 시 (si))

  1. This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

Vietnamese

Han character

侍: Hán Nôm readings: thị

  1. to be close, near
  2. to serve, to take care of, to look after
  3. attendant; servant
  4. short of 侍生, humble pronoun when speaking to a superior
  5. a surname: Shi

References
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