thenga
Northern Ndebele
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Inflection
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
Southern Ndebele
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Inflection
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
Xhosa
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Inflection
This verb needs an inflection-table template.
Zulu
Etymology
(This etymology is missing or incomplete. Please add to it, or discuss it at the Etymology scriptorium.)
Verb
-thênga
Inflection
Tone HH | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infinitive | ukuthenga | ||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
Infinitive | ukuthenga | ukungathengi | |||||||
Imperative | |||||||||
Simple | + object concord | ||||||||
Singular | thenga | -thenge | |||||||
Plural | thengani | -thengeni | |||||||
Present | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngiyathenga, ngithenga | engithengayo, engithenga | ngithenga | angithengi | engingathengi | ngingathengi | |||
2nd singular | uyathenga, uthenga | othengayo, othenga | uthenga | awuthengi | ongathengi | ungathengi | |||
1st plural | siyathenga, sithenga | esithengayo, esithenga | sithenga | asithengi | esingathengi | singathengi | |||
2nd plural | niyathenga, nithenga | enithengayo, enithenga | nithenga | anithengi | eningathengi | ningathengi | |||
Class 1 | uyathenga, uthenga | othengayo, othenga | ethenga | akathengi | ongathengi | engathengi | |||
Class 2 | bayathenga, bathenga | abathengayo, abathenga | bethenga | abathengi | abangathengi | bengathengi | |||
Class 3 | uyathenga, uthenga | othengayo, othenga | uthenga | awuthengi | ongathengi | ungathengi | |||
Class 4 | iyathenga, ithenga | ethengayo, ethenga | ithenga | ayithengi | engathengi | ingathengi | |||
Class 5 | liyathenga, lithenga | elithengayo, elithenga | lithenga | alithengi | elingathengi | lingathengi | |||
Class 6 | ayathenga, athenga | athengayo, athenga | ethenga | awathengi | angathengi | engathengi | |||
Class 7 | siyathenga, sithenga | esithengayo, esithenga | sithenga | asithengi | esingathengi | singathengi | |||
Class 8 | ziyathenga, zithenga | ezithengayo, ezithenga | zithenga | azithengi | ezingathengi | zingathengi | |||
Class 9 | iyathenga, ithenga | ethengayo, ethenga | ithenga | ayithengi | engathengi | ingathengi | |||
Class 10 | ziyathenga, zithenga | ezithengayo, ezithenga | zithenga | azithengi | ezingathengi | zingathengi | |||
Class 11 | luyathenga, luthenga | oluthengayo, oluthenga | luthenga | aluthengi | olungathengi | lungathengi | |||
Class 14 | buyathenga, buthenga | obuthengayo, obuthenga | buthenga | abuthengi | obungathengi | bungathengi | |||
Class 15 | kuyathenga, kuthenga | okuthengayo, okuthenga | kuthenga | akuthengi | okungathengi | kungathengi | |||
Class 17 | kuyathenga, kuthenga | okuthengayo, okuthenga | kuthenga | akuthengi | okungathengi | kungathengi | |||
Recent past | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngithengile, ngithengē | engithengile, engithengē | ngithengile, ngithengē | angithenganga | engingathenganga | ngingathenganga | |||
2nd singular | uthengile, uthengē | othengile, othengē | uthengile, uthengē | awuthenganga | ongathenganga | ungathenganga | |||
1st plural | sithengile, sithengē | esithengile, esithengē | sithengile, sithengē | asithenganga | esingathenganga | singathenganga | |||
2nd plural | nithengile, nithengē | enithengile, enithengē | nithengile, nithengē | anithenganga | eningathenganga | ningathenganga | |||
Class 1 | uthengile, uthengē | othengile, othengē | ethengile, ethengē | akathenganga | ongathenganga | engathenganga | |||
Class 2 | bathengile, bathengē | abathengile, abathengē | bethengile, bethengē | abathenganga | abangathenganga | bengathenganga | |||
Class 3 | uthengile, uthengē | othengile, othengē | uthengile, uthengē | awuthenganga | ongathenganga | ungathenganga | |||
Class 4 | ithengile, ithengē | ethengile, ethengē | ithengile, ithengē | ayithenganga | engathenganga | ingathenganga | |||
Class 5 | lithengile, lithengē | elithengile, elithengē | lithengile, lithengē | alithenganga | elingathenganga | lingathenganga | |||
Class 6 | athengile, athengē | athengile, athengē | ethengile, ethengē | awathenganga | angathenganga | engathenganga | |||
Class 7 | sithengile, sithengē | esithengile, esithengē | sithengile, sithengē | asithenganga | esingathenganga | singathenganga | |||
Class 8 | zithengile, zithengē | ezithengile, ezithengē | zithengile, zithengē | azithenganga | ezingathenganga | zingathenganga | |||
Class 9 | ithengile, ithengē | ethengile, ethengē | ithengile, ithengē | ayithenganga | engathenganga | ingathenganga | |||
Class 10 | zithengile, zithengē | ezithengile, ezithengē | zithengile, zithengē | azithenganga | ezingathenganga | zingathenganga | |||
Class 11 | luthengile, luthengē | oluthengile, oluthengē | luthengile, luthengē | aluthenganga | olungathenganga | lungathenganga | |||
Class 14 | buthengile, buthengē | obuthengile, obuthengē | buthengile, buthengē | abuthenganga | obungathenganga | bungathenganga | |||
Class 15 | kuthengile, kuthengē | okuthengile, okuthengē | kuthengile, kuthengē | akuthenganga | okungathenganga | kungathenganga | |||
Class 17 | kuthengile, kuthengē | okuthengile, okuthengē | kuthengile, kuthengē | akuthenganga | okungathenganga | kungathenganga | |||
Remote past | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngāthenga | engāthenga | ngāthenga | angithenganga | engingathenganga | ngingathenganga | |||
2nd singular | wāthenga | owāthenga | wāthenga | awuthenganga | ongathenganga | ungathenganga | |||
1st plural | sāthenga | esāthenga | sāthenga | asithenganga | esingathenganga | singathenganga | |||
2nd plural | nāthenga | enāthenga | nāthenga | anithenganga | eningathenganga | ningathenganga | |||
Class 1 | wāthenga | owāthenga | āthenga | akathenganga | ongathenganga | engathenganga | |||
Class 2 | bāthenga | abāthenga | bāthenga | abathenganga | abangathenganga | bengathenganga | |||
Class 3 | wāthenga | owāthenga | wāthenga | awuthenganga | ongathenganga | ungathenganga | |||
Class 4 | yāthenga | eyāthenga | yāthenga | ayithenganga | engathenganga | ingathenganga | |||
Class 5 | lāthenga | elāthenga | lāthenga | alithenganga | elingathenganga | lingathenganga | |||
Class 6 | āthenga | āthenga | āthenga | awathenganga | angathenganga | engathenganga | |||
Class 7 | sāthenga | esāthenga | sāthenga | asithenganga | esingathenganga | singathenganga | |||
Class 8 | zāthenga | ezāthenga | zāthenga | azithenganga | ezingathenganga | zingathenganga | |||
Class 9 | yāthenga | eyāthenga | yāthenga | ayithenganga | engathenganga | ingathenganga | |||
Class 10 | zāthenga | ezāthenga | zāthenga | azithenganga | ezingathenganga | zingathenganga | |||
Class 11 | lwāthenga | olwāthenga | lwāthenga | aluthenganga | olungathenganga | lungathenganga | |||
Class 14 | bāthenga | obāthenga | bāthenga | abuthenganga | obungathenganga | bungathenganga | |||
Class 15 | kwāthenga | okwāthenga | kwāthenga | akuthenganga | okungathenganga | kungathenganga | |||
Class 17 | kwāthenga | okwāthenga | kwāthenga | akuthenganga | okungathenganga | kungathenganga | |||
Potential | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngingathenga | — | ngingathenga | ngingethenge | — | ngingethenge | |||
2nd singular | ungathenga | — | ungathenga | ungethenge | — | ungethenge | |||
1st plural | singathenga | — | singathenga | singethenge | — | singethenge | |||
2nd plural | ningathenga | — | ningathenga | ningethenge | — | ningethenge | |||
Class 1 | angathenga | — | engathenga | angethenge | — | engethenge | |||
Class 2 | bangathenga | — | bengathenga | bangethenge | — | bengethenge | |||
Class 3 | ungathenga | — | ungathenga | ungethenge | — | ungethenge | |||
Class 4 | ingathenga | — | ingathenga | ingethenge | — | ingethenge | |||
Class 5 | lingathenga | — | lingathenga | lingethenge | — | lingethenge | |||
Class 6 | angathenga | — | engathenga | angethenge | — | engethenge | |||
Class 7 | singathenga | — | singathenga | singethenge | — | singethenge | |||
Class 8 | zingathenga | — | zingathenga | zingethenge | — | zingethenge | |||
Class 9 | ingathenga | — | ingathenga | ingethenge | — | ingethenge | |||
Class 10 | zingathenga | — | zingathenga | zingethenge | — | zingethenge | |||
Class 11 | lungathenga | — | lungathenga | lungethenge | — | lungethenge | |||
Class 14 | bungathenga | — | bungathenga | bungethenge | — | bungethenge | |||
Class 15 | kungathenga | — | kungathenga | kungethenge | — | kungethenge | |||
Class 17 | kungathenga | — | kungathenga | kungethenge | — | kungethenge | |||
Immediate future | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngizothenga | engizothenga | ngizothenga | angizuthenga | engingezuthenga | ngingezuthenga | |||
2nd singular | uzothenga | ozothenga | uzothenga | awuzuthenga | ongezuthenga | ungezuthenga | |||
1st plural | sizothenga | esizothenga | sizothenga | asizuthenga | esingezuthenga | singezuthenga | |||
2nd plural | nizothenga | enizothenga | nizothenga | anizuthenga | eningezuthenga | ningezuthenga | |||
Class 1 | uzothenga | ozothenga | ezothenga | akazuthenga | ongezuthenga | engezuthenga | |||
Class 2 | bazothenga | abazothenga | bezothenga | abazuthenga | abangezuthenga | bengezuthenga | |||
Class 3 | uzothenga | ozothenga | uzothenga | awuzuthenga | ongezuthenga | ungezuthenga | |||
Class 4 | izothenga | ezothenga | izothenga | ayizuthenga | engezuthenga | ingezuthenga | |||
Class 5 | lizothenga | elizothenga | lizothenga | alizuthenga | elingezuthenga | lingezuthenga | |||
Class 6 | azothenga | azothenga | ezothenga | awazuthenga | angezuthenga | engezuthenga | |||
Class 7 | sizothenga | esizothenga | sizothenga | asizuthenga | esingezuthenga | singezuthenga | |||
Class 8 | zizothenga | ezizothenga | zizothenga | azizuthenga | ezingezuthenga | zingezuthenga | |||
Class 9 | izothenga | ezothenga | izothenga | ayizuthenga | engezuthenga | ingezuthenga | |||
Class 10 | zizothenga | ezizothenga | zizothenga | azizuthenga | ezingezuthenga | zingezuthenga | |||
Class 11 | luzothenga | oluzothenga | luzothenga | aluzuthenga | olungezuthenga | lungezuthenga | |||
Class 14 | buzothenga | obuzothenga | buzothenga | abuzuthenga | obungezuthenga | bungezuthenga | |||
Class 15 | kuzothenga | okuzothenga | kuzothenga | akuzuthenga | okungezuthenga | kungezuthenga | |||
Class 17 | kuzothenga | okuzothenga | kuzothenga | akuzuthenga | okungezuthenga | kungezuthenga | |||
Remote future | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngiyothenga | engiyothenga | ngiyothenga | angiyuthenga | engingeyuthenga | ngingeyuthenga | |||
2nd singular | uyothenga | oyothenga | uyothenga | awuyuthenga | ongeyuthenga | ungeyuthenga | |||
1st plural | siyothenga | esiyothenga | siyothenga | asiyuthenga | esingeyuthenga | singeyuthenga | |||
2nd plural | niyothenga | eniyothenga | niyothenga | aniyuthenga | eningeyuthenga | ningeyuthenga | |||
Class 1 | uyothenga | oyothenga | eyothenga | akayuthenga | ongeyuthenga | engeyuthenga | |||
Class 2 | bayothenga | abayothenga | beyothenga | abayuthenga | abangeyuthenga | bengeyuthenga | |||
Class 3 | uyothenga | oyothenga | uyothenga | awuyuthenga | ongeyuthenga | ungeyuthenga | |||
Class 4 | iyothenga | eyothenga | iyothenga | ayiyuthenga | engeyuthenga | ingeyuthenga | |||
Class 5 | liyothenga | eliyothenga | liyothenga | aliyuthenga | elingeyuthenga | lingeyuthenga | |||
Class 6 | ayothenga | ayothenga | eyothenga | awayuthenga | angeyuthenga | engeyuthenga | |||
Class 7 | siyothenga | esiyothenga | siyothenga | asiyuthenga | esingeyuthenga | singeyuthenga | |||
Class 8 | ziyothenga | eziyothenga | ziyothenga | aziyuthenga | ezingeyuthenga | zingeyuthenga | |||
Class 9 | iyothenga | eyothenga | iyothenga | ayiyuthenga | engeyuthenga | ingeyuthenga | |||
Class 10 | ziyothenga | eziyothenga | ziyothenga | aziyuthenga | ezingeyuthenga | zingeyuthenga | |||
Class 11 | luyothenga | oluyothenga | luyothenga | aluyuthenga | olungeyuthenga | lungeyuthenga | |||
Class 14 | buyothenga | obuyothenga | buyothenga | abuyuthenga | obungeyuthenga | bungeyuthenga | |||
Class 15 | kuyothenga | okuyothenga | kuyothenga | akuyuthenga | okungeyuthenga | kungeyuthenga | |||
Class 17 | kuyothenga | okuyothenga | kuyothenga | akuyuthenga | okungeyuthenga | kungeyuthenga | |||
Present subjunctive | |||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
1st singular | ngithenge | ngingathengi | |||||||
2nd singular | uthenge | ungathengi | |||||||
1st plural | sithenge | singathengi | |||||||
2nd plural | nithenge | ningathengi | |||||||
Class 1 | athenge | angathengi | |||||||
Class 2 | bathenge | bangathengi | |||||||
Class 3 | uthenge | ungathengi | |||||||
Class 4 | ithenge | ingathengi | |||||||
Class 5 | lithenge | lingathengi | |||||||
Class 6 | athenge | angathengi | |||||||
Class 7 | sithenge | singathengi | |||||||
Class 8 | zithenge | zingathengi | |||||||
Class 9 | ithenge | ingathengi | |||||||
Class 10 | zithenge | zingathengi | |||||||
Class 11 | luthenge | lungathengi | |||||||
Class 14 | buthenge | bungathengi | |||||||
Class 15 | kuthenge | kungathengi | |||||||
Class 17 | kuthenge | kungathengi | |||||||
Past subjunctive | |||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
1st singular | ngathenga | ngangathenga, angathenga, angangathenga | |||||||
2nd singular | wathenga | wangathenga, awathenga, awangathenga | |||||||
1st plural | sathenga | sangathenga, asathenga, asangathenga | |||||||
2nd plural | nathenga | nangathenga, anathenga, anangathenga | |||||||
Class 1 | wathenga | wangathenga, akathenga, akangathenga | |||||||
Class 2 | bathenga | bangathenga, abathenga, abangathenga | |||||||
Class 3 | wathenga | wangathenga, awathenga, awangathenga | |||||||
Class 4 | yathenga | yangathenga, ayathenga, ayangathenga | |||||||
Class 5 | lathenga | langathenga, alathenga, alangathenga | |||||||
Class 6 | athenga | angathenga, awathenga, awangathenga | |||||||
Class 7 | sathenga | sangathenga, asathenga, asangathenga | |||||||
Class 8 | zathenga | zangathenga, azathenga, azangathenga | |||||||
Class 9 | yathenga | yangathenga, ayathenga, ayangathenga | |||||||
Class 10 | zathenga | zangathenga, azathenga, azangathenga | |||||||
Class 11 | lwathenga | lwangathenga, alwathenga, alwangathenga | |||||||
Class 14 | bathenga | bangathenga, abathenga, abangathenga | |||||||
Class 15 | kwathenga | kwangathenga, akwathenga, akwangathenga | |||||||
Class 17 | kwathenga | kwangathenga, akwathenga, akwangathenga |
Derived terms
References
- C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “thenga”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “thenga (3.9)”
- Khumalo, J. S. M. (1987). An autosegmental account of Zulu phonology (Ph.D. Thesis, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg).
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