surgir

French

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin surgere (“to get up, arise”). Doublet of sourdre.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /syʁ.ʒiʁ/
  • audio(file)

Verb

surgir

  1. (intransitive) to emerge or appear; to crop up
  2. (intransitive) to arise or stand up

Conjugation

This is a regular verb of the second conjugation, like finir, choisir, and most other verbs with infinitives ending in -ir. One salient feature of this conjugation is the repeated appearance of the infix -iss-.

Conjugation of surgir (see also Appendix:French verbs)
infinitive simple surgir
compound avoir + past participle
present participle or gerund1 simple surgissant
/syʁ.ʒi.sɑ̃/
compound ayant + past participle
past participle surgi
/syʁ.ʒi/
singular plural
first second third first second third
indicative je (j’) tu il, elle, on nous vous ils, elles
(simple
tenses)		 present surgis
/syʁ.ʒi/		 surgis
/syʁ.ʒi/		 surgit
/syʁ.ʒi/		 surgissons
/syʁ.ʒi.sɔ̃/		 surgissez
/syʁ.ʒi.se/		 surgissent
/syʁ.ʒis/
imperfect surgissais
/syʁ.ʒi.sɛ/		 surgissais
/syʁ.ʒi.sɛ/		 surgissait
/syʁ.ʒi.sɛ/		 surgissions
/syʁ.ʒi.sjɔ̃/		 surgissiez
/syʁ.ʒi.sje/		 surgissaient
/syʁ.ʒi.sɛ/
past historic2 surgis
/syʁ.ʒi/		 surgis
/syʁ.ʒi/		 surgit
/syʁ.ʒi/		 surgîmes
/syʁ.ʒim/		 surgîtes
/syʁ.ʒit/		 surgirent
/syʁ.ʒiʁ/
future surgirai
/syʁ.ʒi.ʁe/		 surgiras
/syʁ.ʒi.ʁa/		 surgira
/syʁ.ʒi.ʁa/		 surgirons
/syʁ.ʒi.ʁɔ̃/		 surgirez
/syʁ.ʒi.ʁe/		 surgiront
/syʁ.ʒi.ʁɔ̃/
conditional surgirais
/syʁ.ʒi.ʁɛ/		 surgirais
/syʁ.ʒi.ʁɛ/		 surgirait
/syʁ.ʒi.ʁɛ/		 surgirions
/syʁ.ʒi.ʁjɔ̃/		 surgiriez
/syʁ.ʒi.ʁje/		 surgiraient
/syʁ.ʒi.ʁɛ/
(compound
tenses)		 present perfect present indicative of avoir + past participle
pluperfect imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle
past anterior2 past historic of avoir + past participle
future perfect future of avoir + past participle
conditional perfect conditional of avoir + past participle
subjunctive que je (j’) que tu qu’il, qu’elle que nous que vous qu’ils, qu’elles
(simple
tenses)		 present surgisse
/syʁ.ʒis/		 surgisses
/syʁ.ʒis/		 surgisse
/syʁ.ʒis/		 surgissions
/syʁ.ʒi.sjɔ̃/		 surgissiez
/syʁ.ʒi.sje/		 surgissent
/syʁ.ʒis/
imperfect2 surgisse
/syʁ.ʒis/		 surgisses
/syʁ.ʒis/		 surgît
/syʁ.ʒi/		 surgissions
/syʁ.ʒi.sjɔ̃/		 surgissiez
/syʁ.ʒi.sje/		 surgissent
/syʁ.ʒis/
(compound
tenses)		 past present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
pluperfect2 imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative – tu – nous vous –
simple — surgis
/syʁ.ʒi/		 — surgissons
/syʁ.ʒi.sɔ̃/		 surgissez
/syʁ.ʒi.se/		 —
compound — simple imperative of avoir + past participle — simple imperative of avoir + past participle simple imperative of avoir + past participle —
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en.
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
  • past historic → present perfect
  • past anterior → pluperfect
  • imperfect subjunctive → present subjunctive
  • pluperfect subjunctive → past subjunctive

(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81).

Further reading

Portuguese

Etymology

From Latin surgere (“to get up, to arise”).

Pronunciation
 
  • (Brazil) IPA(key): /suʁˈʒi(ʁ)/ [suɦˈʒi(h)]
    • (São Paulo) IPA(key): /suɾˈʒi(ɾ)/
    • (Rio de Janeiro) IPA(key): /suʁˈʒi(ʁ)/ [suʁˈʒi(χ)]
    • (Southern Brazil) IPA(key): /suɻˈʒi(ɻ)/
 
  • (Portugal) IPA(key): /suɾˈʒiɾ/
    • (Southern Portugal) IPA(key): /suɾˈʒi.ɾi/

Verb

surgir (first-person singular present surjo, first-person singular preterite surgi, past participle surgido)

  1. to arise, to emerge
  2. to appear
    Synonyms: aparecer, exsurgir

Conjugation
    Conjugation of surgir (g-j alternation) (See Appendix:Portuguese verbs)
Singular Plural
First-person
(eu)		 Second-person
(tu)		 Third-person
(ele / ela / você)		 First-person
(nós)		 Second-person
(vós)		 Third-person
(eles / elas / vocês)
Infinitive
Impersonal surgir
Personal surgir surgires surgir surgirmos surgirdes surgirem
Gerund
surgindo
Past participle
Masculine surgido surgidos
Feminine surgida surgidas
Indicative
Present surjo surges surge surgimos surgis surgem
Imperfect surgia surgias surgia surgíamos surgíeis surgiam
Preterite surgi surgiste surgiu surgimos surgistes surgiram
Pluperfect surgira surgiras surgira surgíramos surgíreis surgiram
Future surgirei surgirás surgirá surgiremos surgireis surgirão
Conditional surgiria surgirias surgiria surgiríamos surgiríeis surgiriam
Subjunctive
Present surja surjas surja surjamos surjais surjam
Imperfect surgisse surgisses surgisse surgíssemos surgísseis surgissem
Future surgir surgires surgir surgirmos surgirdes surgirem
Imperative
Affirmative surge surja surjamos surgi surjam
Negative (não) não surjas não surja não surjamos não surjais não surjam

Spanish

Etymology

From Latin surgere (“to get up, arise”). Cognate with English surge and source.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /suɾˈxiɾ/ [suɾˈxiɾ]
  • Audio (Colombia):(file)
  • Rhymes: -iɾ
  • Syllabification: sur‧gir

Verb

surgir (first-person singular present surjo, first-person singular preterite surgí, past participle surgido)

  1. (intransitive) to arise, emerge, surface, crop up, spring up, pop up
  2. (intransitive) to appear
    Synonym: aparecer
  3. (intransitive) to grow out of, to come from, arise from (followed by de)
  4. to advance, ascent, rise (move up socially or professionally)
    Synonyms: trepar, escalar, subir

Conjugation
    Conjugation of surgir (g-j alternation) (See Appendix:Spanish verbs)
infinitive surgir
gerund surgiendo
past participle masculine feminine
singular surgido surgida
plural surgidos surgidas
singular plural
1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
indicative yo tú
vos		 él/ella/ello
usted		 nosotros
nosotras		 vosotros
vosotras		 ellos/ellas
ustedes
present surjo surgestú
surgísvos		 surge surgimos surgís surgen
imperfect surgía surgías surgía surgíamos surgíais surgían
preterite surgí surgiste surgió surgimos surgisteis surgieron
future surgiré surgirás surgirá surgiremos surgiréis surgirán
conditional surgiría surgirías surgiría surgiríamos surgiríais surgirían
subjunctive yo tú
vos		 él/ella/ello
usted		 nosotros
nosotras		 vosotros
vosotras		 ellos/ellas
ustedes
present surja surjastú
surjásvos2		 surja surjamos surjáis surjan
imperfect
(ra)		 surgiera surgieras surgiera surgiéramos surgierais surgieran
imperfect
(se)		 surgiese surgieses surgiese surgiésemos surgieseis surgiesen
future1 surgiere surgieres surgiere surgiéremos surgiereis surgieren
imperative — tú
vos		 usted nosotros
nosotras		 vosotros
vosotras		 ustedes
affirmative surgetú
surgívos		 surja surjamos surgid surjan
negative no surjas no surja no surjamos no surjáis no surjan

1Mostly obsolete, now mainly used in legal language.
2Argentine and Uruguayan voseo prefers the tú form for the present subjunctive.

    Selected combined forms of surgir (g-j alternation)

These forms are generated automatically and may not actually be used. Pronoun usage varies by region.

singular plural
1st person 2nd person 3rd person 1st person 2nd person 3rd person
with infinitive surgir
dative surgirme surgirte surgirle, surgirse surgirnos surgiros surgirles, surgirse
accusative surgirme surgirte surgirlo, surgirla, surgirse surgirnos surgiros surgirlos, surgirlas, surgirse
with gerund surgiendo
dative surgiéndome surgiéndote surgiéndole, surgiéndose surgiéndonos surgiéndoos surgiéndoles, surgiéndose
accusative surgiéndome surgiéndote surgiéndolo, surgiéndola, surgiéndose surgiéndonos surgiéndoos surgiéndolos, surgiéndolas, surgiéndose
with informal second-person singular tú imperative surge
dative súrgeme súrgete súrgele súrgenos not used súrgeles
accusative súrgeme súrgete súrgelo, súrgela súrgenos not used súrgelos, súrgelas
with informal second-person singular vos imperative surgí
dative surgime surgite surgile surginos not used surgiles
accusative surgime surgite surgilo, surgila surginos not used surgilos, surgilas
with formal second-person singular imperative surja
dative súrjame not used súrjale, súrjase súrjanos not used súrjales
accusative súrjame not used súrjalo, súrjala, súrjase súrjanos not used súrjalos, súrjalas
with first-person plural imperative surjamos
dative not used surjámoste surjámosle surjámonos surjámoos surjámosles
accusative not used surjámoste surjámoslo, surjámosla surjámonos surjámoos surjámoslos, surjámoslas
with informal second-person plural imperative surgid
dative surgidme not used surgidle surgidnos surgíos surgidles
accusative surgidme not used surgidlo, surgidla surgidnos surgíos surgidlos, surgidlas
with formal second-person plural imperative surjan
dative súrjanme not used súrjanle súrjannos not used súrjanles, súrjanse
accusative súrjanme not used súrjanlo, súrjanla súrjannos not used súrjanlos, súrjanlas, súrjanse

Derived terms

Further reading
This article is issued from Wiktionary. The text is licensed under Creative Commons - Attribution - Sharealike. Additional terms may apply for the media files.