orcaid
Old Irish
Alternative forms
- orgaid, orggaid
Etymology
From Proto-Celtic *orgeti, from Proto-Indo-European *h₃erg- (“perish”). Cognate with Hittite 𒄯𒀝𒍣 (ḫar-ak-zi /ḫarkzi/) and Old Armenian հարկնանեմ (harknanem, “strike”).[1]
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): [ˈorɡɨðʲ]
Verb
orcaid (conjunct ·oirc or ·oirg, verbal noun orcun)
- kills, slays
- Synonym: marbaid
- c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 77a10
- In n-íírr?
- Will you slay?
- c. 800–825, Diarmait, Milan Glosses on the Psalms, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 7–483, Ml. 77a15
- Is dúnn imchumurc fil isin chanóin fris·gair lessóm a n‑imchomarc n-ísiu .i. ne occideris .i. in ⸉n‑í⸊írr-siu .i. non. .i. nís·n‑ulemairbfe ci asid·roilliset.
- It is to the interrogation that is in the Scripture text that this interrogation answers with him, i.e. ne occideris i.e. will you sg slay i.e. non i.e. you will not slay them all although they have deserved it.
- c. 850-875, Turin Glosses and Scholia on St Mark, published in Thesaurus Palaeohibernicus (reprinted 1987, Dublin Institute for Advanced Studies), edited and with translations by Whitley Stokes and John Strachan, vol. I, pp. 484–94, Tur. 110c
- Ba bés leusom do·bertis dá boc leu dochum tempuil, ⁊ no·léicthe indala n‑ái fon díthrub co pecad in popuil, ⁊ do·bertis maldachta foir, ⁊ n⟨o⟩·oircthe didiu and ó popul tar cenn a pecthae ind aile.
- It was a custom with them that two he-goats were brought by them to the temple, and one of the two of them was let go to the wilderness with the sin of the people, and curses were put upon him, and thereupon the other was slain there by the people for their sins.
Inflection
This verb augments to form perfect forms with the usual prefix ro-. However, virtually all its compounds use com- instead for this purpose.
Simple, class B I present, t preterite, s future, s subjunctive
| 1st sg. | 2nd sg. | 3rd sg. | 1st pl. | 2nd pl. | 3rd pl. | Passive sg. | Passive pl. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Present indicative | Abs. | orcaid, orggaid | orgait | ||||||
| Conj. | ·oirc; ·oirg | ·orcat | ·orgar | ||||||
| Rel. | orcas | oircte | |||||||
| Imperfect indicative | ·oircthe | ||||||||
| Preterite | Abs. | oirt | ortae | ||||||
| Conj. | ·ort | ||||||||
| Rel. | orta | ||||||||
| Perfect | Deut. | ro·ort | |||||||
| Prot. | ·rort | ||||||||
| Future | Abs. | íurthund (with suffixed pronoun -unn) | iurait | ||||||
| Conj. | ·iurr | ·íírr | ·ior | ·iurat | |||||
| Rel. | íuras | ||||||||
| Conditional | ·íurmais | ||||||||
| Present subjunctive | Abs. | ||||||||
| Conj. | ·oir | ·orr | ·orat | ||||||
| Rel. | |||||||||
| Past subjunctive | |||||||||
| Imperative | |||||||||
| Verbal noun | orcun | ||||||||
| Past participle | ortae | ||||||||
| Verbal of necessity | |||||||||
Derived terms
- as·oirc
- con·oirg
- con·rerortatar
- con·túairc
- do·immoirc
- du·esairc
- du·fúairc
- fris·oirc
Mutation
| Old Irish mutation | ||
|---|---|---|
| Radical | Lenition | Nasalization |
| orcaid | unchanged | n-orcaid |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | ||
References
- Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 300
Further reading
- G. Toner, M. Ní Mhaonaigh, S. Arbuthnot, D. Wodtko, M.-L. Theuerkauf, editors (2019), “orcaid”, in eDIL: Electronic Dictionary of the Irish Language
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