謙

See also: 谦
謙 U+8B19, 謙
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-8B19
← 謘
[U+8B18] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 謚 →
[U+8B1A]

Translingual

Han character

謙 (Kangxi radical 149, 言+10, 17 strokes, cangjie input 卜口廿難金 (YRTXC), four-corner 08637, composition ⿰訁兼)

Derived characters
  • 𡄫

References
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 1175, character 20
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 35821
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1639, character 36
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 6, page 4009, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+8B19

Chinese
trad. 謙
simp. 谦
2nd round simp. 𰵋

Glyph origin
Historical forms of the character 謙
Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han) Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Small seal script Transcribed ancient scripts
Characters in the same phonetic series (兼) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
譧 *r'eːms
賺 *r'eːms
尲 *kreːm
鹻 *kreːmʔ
歉 *kʰreːms, *kʰreːmʔ, *kʰeːmʔ, *kʰeːms
槏 *kʰreːmʔ
鰜 *ɡreːm, *keːm
稴 *ɡreːm, *ɡ·reːm, *ɡ·reːmʔ, *ɡ·reːms, *ɡeːm
豏 *ɡreːmʔ, *ɡreːms
甉 *ɡreːmʔ, *ɡraːm
廉 *ɡ·rem
鎌 *ɡ·rem
鬑 *ɡ·rem, *ɡ·reːm
鐮 *ɡ·rem
簾 *ɡ·rem
薕 *ɡ·rem, *ɡ·reːm
蠊 *ɡ·rem
嬚 *ɡ·remʔ
溓 *ɡ·remʔ, *ɡ·reːm, *ɡ·reːmʔ
嵰 *kʰremʔ
隒 *ŋɡremʔ
熑 *ɡ·reːm
濂 *ɡ·reːm
燫 *ɡ·reːm
兼 *keːm, *keːms
縑 *keːm
鶼 *keːm
蒹 *keːm
搛 *keːm
謙 *kʰeːm
膁 *kʰeːmʔ
嗛 *kʰeːmʔ
慊 *kʰeːmʔ, *kʰeːb
傔 *kʰeːms
馦 *qʰeːm
嫌 *ɡeːm
鼸 *ɡeːmʔ
尷 *kreːm

Etymology

Cognate with 歉 (OC *kʰreːms, *kʰreːmʔ, *kʰeːmʔ, *kʰeːms, “deficient”), 廉 (OC *ɡ·rem, “upright; having integrity; uncorrupt”) (Schuessler, 2007), Tibetan ཁྲམ་པ (khram pa, “modest”) (Geilich, 1995).

Pronunciation

  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 謙
Mandarin Beijing /t͡ɕʰian⁵⁵/
Harbin /t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/
Tianjin /t͡ɕʰian²¹/
Jinan /t͡ɕʰiã²¹³/
Qingdao /t͡ɕʰiã²¹³/
Zhengzhou /t͡ɕʰian²⁴/
Xi'an /t͡ɕʰiã²¹/
Xining /t͡ɕʰiã⁴⁴/
Yinchuan /t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/
Lanzhou /t͡ɕʰiɛ̃n³¹/
Ürümqi /t͡ɕʰian⁴⁴/
Wuhan /t͡ɕʰiɛn⁵⁵/
Chengdu /t͡ɕʰian⁵⁵/
Guiyang /t͡ɕʰian⁵⁵/
Kunming /t͡ɕʰiɛ̃⁴⁴/
Nanjing /t͡ɕʰien⁴⁴/
Hefei /t͡ɕʰiĩ²¹/
Jin Taiyuan /t͡ɕʰie¹¹/
Pingyao /t͡ɕʰie̞¹³/
Hohhot /t͡ɕʰie³¹/
Wu Shanghai /t͡ɕʰi⁵³/
Suzhou /t͡ɕʰiɪ⁵⁵/
Hangzhou /t͡ɕʰiẽ̞³³/
Wenzhou /t͡ɕʰi³³/
Hui Shexian /t͡ɕʰie³¹/
Tunxi /t͡sʰiɛ¹¹/
Xiang Changsha /t͡ɕʰiẽ³³/
Xiangtan /t͡ɕʰiẽ³³/
Gan Nanchang /t͡ɕʰiɛn⁴²/
Hakka Meixian /kʰiam⁴⁴/
Taoyuan /kʰiɑm²⁴/
Cantonese Guangzhou /him⁵³/
Nanning /him⁵⁵/
Hong Kong /him⁵⁵/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /kʰiam⁵⁵/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /kʰieŋ⁴⁴/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /kiŋ⁵⁴/
/kʰiŋ⁵⁴/
Shantou (Teochew) /kʰiam³³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /xiam²³/
Rime
Character 謙
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 溪 (29)
Final (韻) 添 (157)
Tone (調) Level (Ø)
Openness (開合) Open
Division (等) IV
Fanqie 苦兼切
Baxter khem
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /kʰem/
Pan
Wuyun		 /kʰem/
Shao
Rongfen		 /kʰɛm/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /kʰɛm/
Li
Rong		 /kʰem/
Wang
Li		 /kʰiem/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /kʰiem/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 qiān
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 him1
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 謙
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 qiān
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ khem ›
Old
Chinese		 /*k-r̥ˁem/
English modest

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 謙
Reading # 1/1
No. 6070
Phonetic
component		 兼
Rime
group		 談
Rime
subdivision		 2
Corresponding
MC rime		 謙
Old
Chinese		 /*kʰeːm/

Definitions

謙

  1. humble; modest
  2. 15th hexagram of the I Ching

Compounds

Japanese
Shinjitai 謙
Kyūjitai
[1]
謙󠄁
謙+&#xE0101;?
(Adobe-Japan1)
謙󠄃
謙+&#xE0103;?
(Hanyo-Denshi)
(Moji_Joho)
The displayed kanji may be different from the image due to your environment.
See here for details.

Kanji
謙

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. humble; modest (Can we add an example for this sense?)

Readings

References
  1. “謙”, in 漢字ぺディア (Kanjipedia)‎ (in Japanese), 日本漢字能力検定協会, 2015–2024

Korean

Hanja

謙 (eumhun 사양할 겸 (sayanghal gyeom))

  1. Hanja form? of 겸 (“refuse, decline”).
  2. Hanja form? of 겸 (“humble, modest”).

Vietnamese

Han character

謙: Hán Việt readings: khiêm[1][2]
謙: Nôm readings: khem[1][3], khiêm[1][2], khom[4], khòm[4], khọm[3]

  1. chữ Hán form of khiêm (“humble, self-effacing”).
  2. Nôm form of khem (“to put on a diet”). See kiêng khem.
  3. Nôm form of khom (“to make a bow, to bend (one's body), to walk with a stoop”). See lom khom.
  4. Nôm form of khòm (“to make a bow, to bend (one's body), to walk with a stoop”).
  5. Nôm form of khọm (“very old”). See già khọm.

Compounds
Compounds

References
  1. Nguyễn (2014).
  2. Nguyễn et al. (2009).
  3. Trần (2004).
  4. Hồ (1976).
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