肺

肺 U+80BA, 肺
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-80BA
← 肹
[U+80B9] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 肻 →
[U+80BB]

Translingual
Stroke order
Japan

(For Chinese,
skip
stroke 5
and
draw
stroke 9
so as
to cover
both strokes 5 and 9.)

Han character

肺 (Kangxi radical 130, 肉+4 in Chinese, 肉+5 in Japanese, 8 strokes in Chinese, 9 strokes in Japanese, cangjie input 月十月 (BJB) or 月卜中月 (BYLB), four-corner 75227, composition ⿰月巿(GHTKV) or ⿰月市(J))

References
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 976, character 24
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 29328
  • Dae Jaweon: page 1428, character 5
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 3, page 2047, character 2
  • Unihan data for U+80BA

Chinese
trad. 肺
simp. # 肺

Glyph origin
Characters in the same phonetic series (巿) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
沛 *poːbs, *pʰoːbs
芾 *poːbs, *pubs, *pub
伂 *poːbs
霈 *pʰoːbs
旆 *boːbs
肺 *pʰobs
杮 *pʰobs
巿 *pub

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *pʰobs) : semantic 肉 (“meat; flesh”) + phonetic 巿 (OC *pub).

Etymology 1

From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *p-wap (“lung”).

Pronunciation

Note:
  • Sixian:
    • fi - literary;
    • hi - vernacular.
  • Dialectal data
Variety Location 肺
Mandarin Beijing /fei⁵¹/
Harbin /fei⁵³/
Tianjin /fei⁵³/
Jinan /fei²¹/
Qingdao /fe⁴²/
Zhengzhou /fi³¹²/
Xi'an /fi⁴⁴/
Xining /fɨ²¹³/
Yinchuan /fei¹³/
Lanzhou /fei¹³/
Ürümqi /fei²¹³/
Wuhan /fei³⁵/
Chengdu /fei¹³/
Guiyang /fei²²¹³/
Kunming /fei²¹²/
Nanjing /fəi⁴⁴/
Hefei /fe⁵³/
Jin Taiyuan /fei⁴⁵/
Pingyao /xuei³⁵/
Hohhot /fei⁵⁵/
Wu Shanghai /fi³⁵/
Suzhou /fi⁵¹³/
Hangzhou /fi⁴⁴⁵/
Wenzhou /fei⁴²/
Hui Shexian /fe³²⁴/
Tunxi /fe⁴²/
Xiang Changsha /fei⁵⁵/
Xiangtan /ɸəi⁵⁵/
Gan Nanchang /fɨi⁴⁵/
Hakka Meixian /fi⁵³/
Taoyuan /fui⁵⁵/
Cantonese Guangzhou /fɐi³³/
Nanning /fɐi³³/
Hong Kong /fɐi³³/
Min Xiamen (Hokkien) /hui²¹/
/hi²¹/
Fuzhou (Eastern Min) /hiɛ²¹²/
Jian'ou (Northern Min) /xi³³/
Shantou (Teochew) /hui²¹³/
Haikou (Hainanese) /hui³⁵/
/fɔi³⁵/
Rime
Character 肺
Reading # 1/1
Initial (聲) 滂 (2)
Final (韻) 廢 (28)
Tone (調) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Closed
Division (等) III
Fanqie 方廢切
Baxter phjojH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /pʰʉɐiH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /pʰʷiɐiH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /pʰiuɐiH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /pʰuajH/
Li
Rong		 /pʰiuɐiH/
Wang
Li		 /pʰĭwɐiH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /pʰi̯wɐiH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 fèi
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 fai3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 肺
Reading # 1/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 fèi
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ phjojH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*pʰo[t]-s/
English lung

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 肺
Reading # 1/1
No. 3293
Phonetic
component		 巿
Rime
group		 祭
Rime
subdivision		 3
Corresponding
MC rime
Old
Chinese		 /*pʰobs/
Notes 芳由方校改

Definitions

肺

  1. (anatomy) lung
Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 肺 (“lung”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Classical Chinese 肺
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 肺, 肺臟
Mandarin Taiwan 肺
Harbin 肺, 肺子
Yantai (Muping) 肺
Jinan 肺
Luoyang 肺, 肺家 TCM
Xi'an 肺
Yinchuan 肺
Lanzhou 肺子
Xining 肺
Ürümqi 肺子
Wuhan 肺
Chengdu 肺
Guiyang 肺
Xuzhou 肺
Yangzhou 肺
Nanjing 肺子, 肺
Sokuluk (Gansu Dungan) 肺子
Masanchin (Shaanxi Dungan) 肺子
Cantonese Guangzhou 肺
Hong Kong 肺
Taishan 肺
Dongguan 肺
Gan Nanchang 肺
Lichuan 肺
Pingxiang 肺, 肺巴子
Hakka Meixian 肺家
Yudu 肺
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 肺
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 肺
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 肺家
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 肺家
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 肺家
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 肺
Huizhou Jixi 肺
Jin Taiyuan 肺
Xinzhou 肺子
Eastern Min Fuzhou 肺
Southern Min Leizhou 肺
Haikou 肺
Southern Pinghua Nanning (Tingzi) 肺
Wu Shanghai 肺
Shanghai (Chongming) 肺
Suzhou 肺
Danyang 肺
Hangzhou 肺
Ningbo 肺, 肺家
Wenzhou 肺, 肺斗
Jinhua 肺
Xiang Changsha 肺
Note TCM - traditional Chinese medicine

Compounds

Descendants
  • → Proto-Tai: *pwɤtᴰ

Pronunciation

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 肺
Reading # 2/2
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 pèi
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ phajH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*pʰˁ[a][t]-s/
English dense, luxuriant (foliage)

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Definitions

肺

  1. Only used in 肺肺.

References

Japanese

Kanji
肺

(grade 6 “Kyōiku” kanji)

  1. lung

Readings

Compounds

Etymology 1
Kanji in this term
肺
はい
Grade: 6
kan’on

From Middle Chinese 肺 (MC phjojH)

Pronunciation

Noun

肺(はい) • (hai) 

  1. (anatomy) lung
Synonyms

Etymology 2
Kanji in this term
肺
ふくふくし
Grade: 6
kun’yomi

/pukupukusi/ → /ɸukuɸusi/.

From Old Japanese.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): [ɸɯ̟ᵝkɯ̟ᵝɸɯ̟ᵝkɯ̟ᵝɕi]

Noun

肺(ふくふくし) • (fukufukushi) 

  1. (obsolete, anatomy) lung
    • 794, Shin'yaku Kegonkyō Ongi Shiki, page 68:
      心肺 々音辨 々訓布々久々之
      Heart Lung. Lung pronunciation is divided. Divided reading Pukupukusi.
    • 938, Minamoto no Shitagō, Wamyō Ruijushō, volume 2, page 35:
      肺 白虎通云 音廢 布久布久之 [...] 金之精也 色白 [...] 肺藏也 [...]
      肺 白虎通云 音廢 布久布久之 [...] 金之精也 色白 [...] 肺藏也 [...]
      Lung. Said to be white tigers pipe. Chinese reading is pai, [otherwise read] Pukupukusi. [...] the metal has been polished. [with the] color white [...] the lungs are hidden.

References
  1. NHK Broadcasting Culture Research Institute, editor (1998), NHK日本語発音アクセント辞典 [NHK Japanese Pronunciation Accent Dictionary] (in Japanese), Tōkyō: NHK Publishing, →ISBN
  2. Matsumura, Akira, editor (2006), 大辞林 [Daijirin] (in Japanese), Third edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN
  3. Kindaichi, Kyōsuke et al., editors (1997), 新明解国語辞典 [Shin Meikai Kokugo Jiten] (in Japanese), Fifth edition, Tōkyō: Sanseidō, →ISBN

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 肺 (MC phjojH).

Historical Readings
Dongguk Jeongun Reading
Dongguk Jeongun, 1448폥〮 (Yale: phyéy)
Middle Korean
TextEumhun
Gloss (hun)Reading
Hunmong Jahoe, 1527부〮화 (Yale: pwúhwà)폐〯 (Yale: phyěy)

Pronunciation
  • (SK Standard/Seoul) IPA(key): [pʰje̞(ː)] ~ [pʰe̞(ː)]
  • Phonetic hangul: [폐(ː)/페(ː)]
    • Though still prescribed in Standard Korean, most speakers in both Koreas no longer distinguish vowel length.

Hanja

Wikisource 肺 (eumhun 허파 폐 (heopa pye))

  1. Hanja form? of 폐 (“lungs”). [noun]

Compounds
Compounds

References
  • 국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會 大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

肺: Hán Nôm readings: phế, phổi, chị, phễ

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