孔

孔	U+5B54, 孔 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-5B54

← 孓
[U+5B53]

CJK Unified Ideographs

孕 →
[U+5B55]

Translingual

Stroke order

Han character

孔 (Kangxi radical 39, 子+1, 4 strokes, cangjie input 弓木山 (NDU), four-corner 1241₀, composition ⿰子乚)

Derived characters

吼, 𪣂, 𢗵, 𢪬, 犼, 𭥛, 𦙥, 𣏺, 𤆺, 𬗆, 𧉔, 𫁎, 𡰼, 芤, 𥥅, 𩫂, 𡵾, 𥤾, 𡦀

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 277, character 9
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 6933
Dae Jaweon: page 544, character 3
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 2, page 1008, character 4
Unihan data for U+5B54

Chinese

simp. and trad.		孔

Glyph origin

Historical forms of the character 孔
Western Zhou	Shuowen Jiezi (compiled in Han)	Liushutong (compiled in Ming)
Bronze inscriptions	Small seal script	Transcribed ancient scripts

Characters in the same phonetic series (孔) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
吼	qʰloːʔ, qʰloːs
孔	*kʰloːŋʔ

Bronze inscriptions: Ideogrammic compound (會意／会意) : 丿 (“opening”) + 子 (“child”) – opening in the skull of a newborn, i.e. fontanelle.

Etymology

"hole": From Proto-Sino-Tibetan *(g/k)uŋ (“hole; orifice; inner part”). 孔 (OC *kʰloːŋʔ, “hole”) is probably the endoactive derivation of 空 (OC *kʰoːŋ, “hollow; empty”) (Schuessler, 2007). Cognate with Tibetan ཁུང (khung, “hole”), Jingpho ladi hku (lədî hkū, “nostril”), Chepang घाङ् (gʰaŋ, “hole”), Burmese အခေါင်း (a.hkaung:, “hollow place; cavity”), Naxi kho³³ (“cave; hole; pit”) (STEDT).

"peacock": Starostin reconstructs 孔 (OC *khōŋ) and compares it to Proto-Vietic *k-voːŋ. Compare also Semai kuwok, Semnam kwɔːŋ.

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Standard)
(Pinyin): kǒng (kong³)

(Zhuyin): ㄎㄨㄥˇ

(Chengdu, Sichuanese Pinyin): kong³
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): hung²

(Taishan, Wiktionary): huung²
Gan (Wiktionary): kung³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): khúng

(Meixian, Guangdong): kung³
Jin (Wiktionary): kung²
Eastern Min (BUC): kūng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): kháng / khóng

(Teochew, Peng'im): kong²
Wu (Wugniu)
- (Northern): ⁵khon

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kǒng
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄥˇ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kǒng
  - Wade–Giles: kʻung³
  - Yale: kǔng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: koong
  - Palladius: кун (kun)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰʊŋ²¹⁴/
- (Standard Chinese, erhua-ed)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: kǒngr
  - Zhuyin: ㄎㄨㄥˇㄦ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: kǒngr
  - Wade–Giles: kʻung³-ʼrh
  - Yale: kǔngr
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: koongl
  - Palladius: кунр (kunr)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰʊ̃ɻ²¹⁴/
- (Chengdu)
  - Sichuanese Pinyin: kong³
  - Scuanxua Ladinxua Xin Wenz: kung
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰoŋ⁵³/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: hung²
  - Yale: húng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: hung²
  - Guangdong Romanization: hung²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hʊŋ³⁵/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: huung²
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /hɵŋ⁵⁵/
Gan
- (Nanchang)
  - Wiktionary: kung³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰuŋ²¹³/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: khúng
  - Hakka Romanization System: kung`
  - Hagfa Pinyim: kung³
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰuŋ³¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: kung³
  - Sinological IPA: /kʰʊŋ³¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: kung²
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /kʰxũŋ⁵³/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: kūng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰuŋ³³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: kháng
  - Tâi-lô: kháng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qarng
  - IPA (Taipei, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kʰaŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰaŋ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰaŋ⁵⁵⁴/
- (Hokkien: Quanzhou, General Taiwanese, Xiamen, Zhangzhou)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: khóng
  - Tâi-lô: khóng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: qorng
  - IPA (Taipei, Xiamen, Zhangzhou): /kʰɔŋ⁵³/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /kʰɔŋ⁴¹/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /kʰɔŋ⁵⁵⁴/

Note:

kháng - vernacular;
khóng - literary.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: kong²
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: khóng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /kʰoŋ⁵²/
Wu
- (Shanghai):
  - Wugniu: ⁵khon
  - MiniDict: khon^去
  - Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): ²khon
  - Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /kʰoŋ³⁴/

Middle Chinese: khuwngX

Rime
Character	孔
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	溪 (29)
Final (韻)	東 (1)
Tone (調)	Rising (X)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	I
Fanqie	康董切
Baxter	khuwngX
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/kʰuŋ^X/
Pan Wuyun	/kʰuŋ^X/
Shao Rongfen	/kʰuŋ^X/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/kʰəwŋ^X/
Li Rong	/kʰuŋ^X/
Wang Li	/kʰuŋ^X/
Bernard Karlgren	/kʰuŋ^X/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	kǒng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	hung²

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[k]ʰˤoŋʔ/

(Zhengzhang): /*kʰloːŋʔ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	孔
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	kǒng
Middle Chinese	‹ khuwng^X ›
Old Chinese	/*[k]ʰˁoŋʔ/
English	(surname)
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	孔
Reading #	1/1
No.	7489
Phonetic component	孔
Rime group	東
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	孔
Old Chinese	/*kʰloːŋʔ/
Notes	金文象就乳，與古候切從子殼聲字（說文乳也）同源

Definitions

孔

hole; aperture; opening
鼻孔 ― bíkǒng ― nostril
classifier for cave dwellings, oil wells, etc..
(literary, for irrigation, drainage) ditch; trench; canal; channel
(literary, or in compounds) profound; far-reaching
(literary, or in compounds) unimpeded; unblocked
(literary, or in compounds) large
(literary, or in compounds) fine
(literary, or in compounds) very; extremely
(literary, or in compounds) peacock; peafowl
a surname
孔祥熙 ― Kǒng Xiángxī ― H. H. Kung (Chinese banker and politician)
(specifically) Short for 孔子 (Kǒngzǐ, “Confucius”).
祭孔 ― jì Kǒng ― worship of Confucius

批林批孔 ― pī Lín pī Kǒng ― (historical) Criticize Lin Biao and Confucius movement
(Quanzhou Hokkien) classifier for partitioned grid units in a tool.

Synonyms

(hole):

Dialectal synonyms of 孔 (“hole”) [map]

Variety	Location	Words edit
Classical Chinese		孔, 洞, 穴
Formal (Written Standard Chinese)		孔, 洞, 孔洞, 空洞, 空穴
Mandarin	Beijing	窟窿
	Jinan	窟窿
	Luoyang	窟窿
	Wanrong	窟窿
	Xi'an	窟窿子, 窟窿
	Wuhan	窟窿, 窟眼, 洞洞, 洞
	Chengdu	窟窿, 洞洞, 洞
	Liuzhou	窿
	Yangzhou	洞, 窟窿
	Nanjing	窟窿
	Hefei	窟窿, 洞
	Singapore	洞
Cantonese	Guangzhou	窿, 咕窿
	Hong Kong	窿, 咕窿
	Taishan	孔
	Yangjiang	窿
	Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu)	窿
	Singapore (Guangfu)	窿
Gan	Nanchang	洞
Hakka	Meixian	窿仔, 窿空仔
	Miaoli (N. Sixian)	空
	Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian)	空
	Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu)	空
	Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu)	空
	Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping)	空
	Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an)	空
Jin	Taiyuan	窟窿, 窟子
Northern Min	Jian'ou	川
Eastern Min	Fuzhou	空空
Southern Min	Xiamen	空, 空口
	Quanzhou	空
	Zhangzhou	空口
	Zhangzhou (Changtai)	空
	Taipei	空
	Penang (Hokkien)	空
	Singapore (Hokkien)	空
	Manila (Hokkien)	空
	Chaozhou	空
	Jieyang	空, 洞
	Haifeng	空
	Singapore (Teochew)	空
	Singapore (Hainanese)	空
Southern Pinghua	Nanning (Tingzi)	窿
Wu	Suzhou	洞
	Wenzhou	洞, 窟, 窟窿
	Jinhua	窟窿
Xiang	Changsha	洞, 洞子
Xiang	Shuangfeng	眼貢, 洞

(ditch): 渠道 (qúdào), 水道 (shuǐdào)
(profound):

幽幽 (yōuyōu)
延延 (yányán) (literary)
深入 (shēnrù)
深刻 (shēnkè)
深厚 (shēnhòu)
深層／深层 (shēncéng)
深篤／深笃 (shēndǔ)
深遠／深远 (shēnyuǎn)
篤深／笃深 (dǔshēn)

(very):

不要太 (bùyàotài) (slang)
十分 (shífēn)
壞／坏 (huài)
很 (hěn)
極其／极其 (jíqí)
極度／极度 (jídù)
極為／极为 (jíwéi)
極端／极端 (jíduān)
滾／滚 (gǔn) (literary, or in compounds)
異常／异常 (yìcháng)
老大 (lǎodà) (colloquial, usually in the negative)
良
超 (chāo)
非常 (fēicháng)
頗／颇 (pō) (literary)
頗為／颇为 (pōwéi) (literary)

(peacock): 孔雀 (kǒngquè)
(Confucius):

仲尼 (Zhòngní)
先師／先师 (xiānshī)
先聖／先圣 (xiānshèng)
夫子 (fūzǐ)
孔丘 (Kǒng Qiū)
孔夫子 (Kǒng Fūzǐ)
孔子 (Kǒngzǐ)
孔子公 (Hokkien)
素王 (sùwáng)

Compounds

一孔之見／一孔之见 (yīkǒngzhījiàn)
一孔出氣／一孔出气
七孔 (qīkǒng)
七孔流血
七孔生煙／七孔生烟
九孔 (jiǔkǒng)
人孔 (rénkǒng)
六案孔目
千孔百瘡／千孔百疮
千瘡百孔／千疮百孔 (qiānchuāngbǎikǒng)
卵孔
呼吸孔
周情孔思
噴氣孔／喷气孔 (pēnqìkǒng)
威儀孔時／威仪孔时
孔佛
孔叢子／孔丛子 (Kǒngcóngzǐ)
孔嘉
孔坡
孔型
孔壁古文
孔壠／孔垄／孔垅 (Kǒnglǒng)
孔多 (kǒngduō)
孔夫子 (Kǒng Fūzǐ)
孔子 (Kǒngzǐ)
孔子家語／孔子家语
孔子廟／孔子庙 (Kǒngzǐmiào)
孔子白
孔孟 (Kǒng-Mèng)
孔孟之道 (Kǒng-Mèng zhī dào)
孔孟學會／孔孟学会
孔宙碑
孔席不暖
孔廟／孔庙 (Kǒngmiào)
孔徑／孔径
孔德
孔急 (kǒngjí)
孔懷／孔怀
孔教 (kǒngjiào)
孔方 (kǒngfāng)
孔方兄 (kǒngfāngxiōng)
孔明 (Kǒngmíng)
孔明借箭
孔明燈／孔明灯 (kǒngmíngdēng)
孔林 (Kǒnglín)
孔武有力 (kǒngwǔyǒulì)
孔洞 (kǒngdòng)
孔灣／孔湾 (Kǒngwān)
孔版
孔版印刷
孔版畫／孔版画
孔目
孔目房
孔眼
孔穴 (kǒngxué)
孔竅／孔窍
孔翠
孔融讓梨／孔融让梨
孔道 (kǒngdào)
孔門／孔门
孔隙
孔雀 (kǒngquè)
孔雀座 (Kǒngquèzuò)
孔雀王朝 (Kǒngquè Wángcháo)
孔雀石 (kǒngquèshí)
孔雀綠／孔雀绿
孔雀舞 (kǒngquèwǔ)
孔雀開屏／孔雀开屏
孔雁
孔章望斗
孔鯉過庭／孔鲤过庭
彰化孔廟／彰化孔庙
心孔
打孔 (dǎkǒng)
打孔機／打孔机 (dǎkǒngjī)
打孔紙帶／打孔纸带
拉孔
晚娘面孔
有孔蟲／有孔虫
椎孔 (zhuīkǒng)
椎間孔／椎间孔 (zhuījiānkǒng)
橋孔／桥孔
毛孔 (máokǒng)
氣孔／气孔 (qìkǒng)
泌水孔
漏孔
漢孔宙碑／汉孔宙碑
無孔不入／无孔不入 (wúkǒngbùrù)
生面孔
白孔六帖
百孔千創／百孔千创
百孔千瘡／百孔千疮 (bǎikǒngqiānchuāng)
皮孔
眼孔 (yǎnkǒng)
瞳孔 (tóngkǒng)
祀孔
祭孔 (jìkǒng)
程孔傾蓋／程孔倾盖
穿孔 (chuānkǒng)
羊真孔草
老面孔
耳孔 (ěrkǒng)
胃穿孔 (wèichuānkǒng)
腸穿孔／肠穿孔
膜孔
臉孔／脸孔 (liǎnkǒng)
臺南孔廟／台南孔庙
蟲孔／虫孔
裂孔
謀夫孔多／谋夫孔多
針孔／针孔 (zhēnkǒng)
針孔現象／针孔现象
鏜孔／镗孔
鑽孔／钻孔 (zuānkǒng)
隄潰蟻孔／隄溃蚁孔
需才孔亟
需款孔急
面孔 (miànkǒng)
革帶移孔／革带移孔
顏苦孔卓／颜苦孔卓
鼻孔 (bíkǒng)

References

“孔”, in 漢語多功能字庫 (Multi-function Chinese Character Database)‎, 香港中文大學 (the Chinese University of Hong Kong), 2014–

Japanese

Kanji

孔

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

cavity

Readings

Go-on: く (ku); くう (kū)
Kan-on: こう (kō, Jōyō)
Kun: あな (ana, 孔); はなはだ (hanahada, 孔だ)

Compounds

孔(く)雀(じゃく) (kujaku)
孔(く)雀(じゃく)石(せき) (kujakuseki)
孔(く)雀(じゃく)妙(みょう)王(おう) (kujakumyōō)
孔子(こうし) (Kōshi)
孔版(こうはん) (kōhan)
孔孟(こうもう) (Kō-Mō)
孔門(こうもん) (kōmon)
毛(け)孔(あな) (keana)
眼孔(がんこう) (gankō)
気孔(きこう) (kikō)
空(くう)気(き)孔(こう) (kūkikō)
細孔(さいこう) (saikō)
鑽孔(さんこう) (sankō)
鑽孔(さんこう)機(き) (sankōki)
鑚孔(さんこう)機(き) (sankōki)
耳孔(じこう) (jikō)
人孔(じんこう) (jinkō): manhole
穿孔(せんこう) (senkō)
穿孔(せんこう)機(き) (senkōki)
多孔(たこう) (takō)
多(た)孔性(こうせい) (takōsei)
単孔類(たんこうるい) (tankōrui)
通(つう)気(き)孔(こう) (tsūkikō)
通風孔(つうふうこう) (tsūfūkō)
瞳孔(どうこう) (dōkō)
排水孔(はいすいこう) (haisuikō)
鼻(び)孔(こう) (bikō)
噴(ふん)気(き)孔(こう) (funkikō)
有孔虫(ゆうこうちゅう) (yūkōchū)

Etymology

Kanji in this term
孔
あな Grade: S
kun’yomi

For pronunciation and definitions of 孔 – see the following entry.

【穴あな】6

[noun] hole

[noun] opening, aperture

[noun] pit

[noun] cave, cavern

[noun] lair, den, burrow

[noun] loss, deficit

[noun] flaw, defect

(This term, 孔, is an alternative spelling of the above term.)

Korean

Hanja

孔 (eumhun 구멍 공 (gumeong gong))

Hanja form^? of 공 (“opening, hole”).

Vietnamese

Han character

孔: Hán Nôm readings: khổng, hỏng, hổng, khỏng, khủng

This term needs a translation to English. Please help out and add a translation, then remove the text {{rfdef}}.

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