vusa
Sangil
Zulu
Verb
-vúsa
Inflection
Tone H | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infinitive | ukuvusa | ||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
Infinitive | ukuvusa | ukungavusi | |||||||
Imperative | |||||||||
Simple | + object concord | ||||||||
Singular | vusa | -vuse | |||||||
Plural | vusani | -vuseni | |||||||
Present | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngiyavusa, ngivusa | engivusayo, engivusa | ngivusa | angivusi | engingavusi | ngingavusi | |||
2nd singular | uyavusa, uvusa | ovusayo, ovusa | uvusa | awuvusi | ongavusi | ungavusi | |||
1st plural | siyavusa, sivusa | esivusayo, esivusa | sivusa | asivusi | esingavusi | singavusi | |||
2nd plural | niyavusa, nivusa | enivusayo, enivusa | nivusa | anivusi | eningavusi | ningavusi | |||
Class 1 | uyavusa, uvusa | ovusayo, ovusa | evusa | akavusi | ongavusi | engavusi | |||
Class 2 | bayavusa, bavusa | abavusayo, abavusa | bevusa | abavusi | abangavusi | bengavusi | |||
Class 3 | uyavusa, uvusa | ovusayo, ovusa | uvusa | awuvusi | ongavusi | ungavusi | |||
Class 4 | iyavusa, ivusa | evusayo, evusa | ivusa | ayivusi | engavusi | ingavusi | |||
Class 5 | liyavusa, livusa | elivusayo, elivusa | livusa | alivusi | elingavusi | lingavusi | |||
Class 6 | ayavusa, avusa | avusayo, avusa | evusa | awavusi | angavusi | engavusi | |||
Class 7 | siyavusa, sivusa | esivusayo, esivusa | sivusa | asivusi | esingavusi | singavusi | |||
Class 8 | ziyavusa, zivusa | ezivusayo, ezivusa | zivusa | azivusi | ezingavusi | zingavusi | |||
Class 9 | iyavusa, ivusa | evusayo, evusa | ivusa | ayivusi | engavusi | ingavusi | |||
Class 10 | ziyavusa, zivusa | ezivusayo, ezivusa | zivusa | azivusi | ezingavusi | zingavusi | |||
Class 11 | luyavusa, luvusa | oluvusayo, oluvusa | luvusa | aluvusi | olungavusi | lungavusi | |||
Class 14 | buyavusa, buvusa | obuvusayo, obuvusa | buvusa | abuvusi | obungavusi | bungavusi | |||
Class 15 | kuyavusa, kuvusa | okuvusayo, okuvusa | kuvusa | akuvusi | okungavusi | kungavusi | |||
Class 17 | kuyavusa, kuvusa | okuvusayo, okuvusa | kuvusa | akuvusi | okungavusi | kungavusi | |||
Recent past | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngivusile, ngivusē | engivusile, engivusē | ngivusile, ngivusē | angivusanga | engingavusanga | ngingavusanga | |||
2nd singular | uvusile, uvusē | ovusile, ovusē | uvusile, uvusē | awuvusanga | ongavusanga | ungavusanga | |||
1st plural | sivusile, sivusē | esivusile, esivusē | sivusile, sivusē | asivusanga | esingavusanga | singavusanga | |||
2nd plural | nivusile, nivusē | enivusile, enivusē | nivusile, nivusē | anivusanga | eningavusanga | ningavusanga | |||
Class 1 | uvusile, uvusē | ovusile, ovusē | evusile, evusē | akavusanga | ongavusanga | engavusanga | |||
Class 2 | bavusile, bavusē | abavusile, abavusē | bevusile, bevusē | abavusanga | abangavusanga | bengavusanga | |||
Class 3 | uvusile, uvusē | ovusile, ovusē | uvusile, uvusē | awuvusanga | ongavusanga | ungavusanga | |||
Class 4 | ivusile, ivusē | evusile, evusē | ivusile, ivusē | ayivusanga | engavusanga | ingavusanga | |||
Class 5 | livusile, livusē | elivusile, elivusē | livusile, livusē | alivusanga | elingavusanga | lingavusanga | |||
Class 6 | avusile, avusē | avusile, avusē | evusile, evusē | awavusanga | angavusanga | engavusanga | |||
Class 7 | sivusile, sivusē | esivusile, esivusē | sivusile, sivusē | asivusanga | esingavusanga | singavusanga | |||
Class 8 | zivusile, zivusē | ezivusile, ezivusē | zivusile, zivusē | azivusanga | ezingavusanga | zingavusanga | |||
Class 9 | ivusile, ivusē | evusile, evusē | ivusile, ivusē | ayivusanga | engavusanga | ingavusanga | |||
Class 10 | zivusile, zivusē | ezivusile, ezivusē | zivusile, zivusē | azivusanga | ezingavusanga | zingavusanga | |||
Class 11 | luvusile, luvusē | oluvusile, oluvusē | luvusile, luvusē | aluvusanga | olungavusanga | lungavusanga | |||
Class 14 | buvusile, buvusē | obuvusile, obuvusē | buvusile, buvusē | abuvusanga | obungavusanga | bungavusanga | |||
Class 15 | kuvusile, kuvusē | okuvusile, okuvusē | kuvusile, kuvusē | akuvusanga | okungavusanga | kungavusanga | |||
Class 17 | kuvusile, kuvusē | okuvusile, okuvusē | kuvusile, kuvusē | akuvusanga | okungavusanga | kungavusanga | |||
Remote past | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngāvusa | engāvusa | ngāvusa | angivusanga | engingavusanga | ngingavusanga | |||
2nd singular | wāvusa | owāvusa | wāvusa | awuvusanga | ongavusanga | ungavusanga | |||
1st plural | sāvusa | esāvusa | sāvusa | asivusanga | esingavusanga | singavusanga | |||
2nd plural | nāvusa | enāvusa | nāvusa | anivusanga | eningavusanga | ningavusanga | |||
Class 1 | wāvusa | owāvusa | āvusa | akavusanga | ongavusanga | engavusanga | |||
Class 2 | bāvusa | abāvusa | bāvusa | abavusanga | abangavusanga | bengavusanga | |||
Class 3 | wāvusa | owāvusa | wāvusa | awuvusanga | ongavusanga | ungavusanga | |||
Class 4 | yāvusa | eyāvusa | yāvusa | ayivusanga | engavusanga | ingavusanga | |||
Class 5 | lāvusa | elāvusa | lāvusa | alivusanga | elingavusanga | lingavusanga | |||
Class 6 | āvusa | āvusa | āvusa | awavusanga | angavusanga | engavusanga | |||
Class 7 | sāvusa | esāvusa | sāvusa | asivusanga | esingavusanga | singavusanga | |||
Class 8 | zāvusa | ezāvusa | zāvusa | azivusanga | ezingavusanga | zingavusanga | |||
Class 9 | yāvusa | eyāvusa | yāvusa | ayivusanga | engavusanga | ingavusanga | |||
Class 10 | zāvusa | ezāvusa | zāvusa | azivusanga | ezingavusanga | zingavusanga | |||
Class 11 | lwāvusa | olwāvusa | lwāvusa | aluvusanga | olungavusanga | lungavusanga | |||
Class 14 | bāvusa | obāvusa | bāvusa | abuvusanga | obungavusanga | bungavusanga | |||
Class 15 | kwāvusa | okwāvusa | kwāvusa | akuvusanga | okungavusanga | kungavusanga | |||
Class 17 | kwāvusa | okwāvusa | kwāvusa | akuvusanga | okungavusanga | kungavusanga | |||
Potential | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngingavusa | — | ngingavusa | ngingevuse | — | ngingevuse | |||
2nd singular | ungavusa | — | ungavusa | ungevuse | — | ungevuse | |||
1st plural | singavusa | — | singavusa | singevuse | — | singevuse | |||
2nd plural | ningavusa | — | ningavusa | ningevuse | — | ningevuse | |||
Class 1 | angavusa | — | engavusa | angevuse | — | engevuse | |||
Class 2 | bangavusa | — | bengavusa | bangevuse | — | bengevuse | |||
Class 3 | ungavusa | — | ungavusa | ungevuse | — | ungevuse | |||
Class 4 | ingavusa | — | ingavusa | ingevuse | — | ingevuse | |||
Class 5 | lingavusa | — | lingavusa | lingevuse | — | lingevuse | |||
Class 6 | angavusa | — | engavusa | angevuse | — | engevuse | |||
Class 7 | singavusa | — | singavusa | singevuse | — | singevuse | |||
Class 8 | zingavusa | — | zingavusa | zingevuse | — | zingevuse | |||
Class 9 | ingavusa | — | ingavusa | ingevuse | — | ingevuse | |||
Class 10 | zingavusa | — | zingavusa | zingevuse | — | zingevuse | |||
Class 11 | lungavusa | — | lungavusa | lungevuse | — | lungevuse | |||
Class 14 | bungavusa | — | bungavusa | bungevuse | — | bungevuse | |||
Class 15 | kungavusa | — | kungavusa | kungevuse | — | kungevuse | |||
Class 17 | kungavusa | — | kungavusa | kungevuse | — | kungevuse | |||
Immediate future | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngizovusa | engizovusa | ngizovusa | angizuvusa | engingezuvusa | ngingezuvusa | |||
2nd singular | uzovusa | ozovusa | uzovusa | awuzuvusa | ongezuvusa | ungezuvusa | |||
1st plural | sizovusa | esizovusa | sizovusa | asizuvusa | esingezuvusa | singezuvusa | |||
2nd plural | nizovusa | enizovusa | nizovusa | anizuvusa | eningezuvusa | ningezuvusa | |||
Class 1 | uzovusa | ozovusa | ezovusa | akazuvusa | ongezuvusa | engezuvusa | |||
Class 2 | bazovusa | abazovusa | bezovusa | abazuvusa | abangezuvusa | bengezuvusa | |||
Class 3 | uzovusa | ozovusa | uzovusa | awuzuvusa | ongezuvusa | ungezuvusa | |||
Class 4 | izovusa | ezovusa | izovusa | ayizuvusa | engezuvusa | ingezuvusa | |||
Class 5 | lizovusa | elizovusa | lizovusa | alizuvusa | elingezuvusa | lingezuvusa | |||
Class 6 | azovusa | azovusa | ezovusa | awazuvusa | angezuvusa | engezuvusa | |||
Class 7 | sizovusa | esizovusa | sizovusa | asizuvusa | esingezuvusa | singezuvusa | |||
Class 8 | zizovusa | ezizovusa | zizovusa | azizuvusa | ezingezuvusa | zingezuvusa | |||
Class 9 | izovusa | ezovusa | izovusa | ayizuvusa | engezuvusa | ingezuvusa | |||
Class 10 | zizovusa | ezizovusa | zizovusa | azizuvusa | ezingezuvusa | zingezuvusa | |||
Class 11 | luzovusa | oluzovusa | luzovusa | aluzuvusa | olungezuvusa | lungezuvusa | |||
Class 14 | buzovusa | obuzovusa | buzovusa | abuzuvusa | obungezuvusa | bungezuvusa | |||
Class 15 | kuzovusa | okuzovusa | kuzovusa | akuzuvusa | okungezuvusa | kungezuvusa | |||
Class 17 | kuzovusa | okuzovusa | kuzovusa | akuzuvusa | okungezuvusa | kungezuvusa | |||
Remote future | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngiyovusa | engiyovusa | ngiyovusa | angiyuvusa | engingeyuvusa | ngingeyuvusa | |||
2nd singular | uyovusa | oyovusa | uyovusa | awuyuvusa | ongeyuvusa | ungeyuvusa | |||
1st plural | siyovusa | esiyovusa | siyovusa | asiyuvusa | esingeyuvusa | singeyuvusa | |||
2nd plural | niyovusa | eniyovusa | niyovusa | aniyuvusa | eningeyuvusa | ningeyuvusa | |||
Class 1 | uyovusa | oyovusa | eyovusa | akayuvusa | ongeyuvusa | engeyuvusa | |||
Class 2 | bayovusa | abayovusa | beyovusa | abayuvusa | abangeyuvusa | bengeyuvusa | |||
Class 3 | uyovusa | oyovusa | uyovusa | awuyuvusa | ongeyuvusa | ungeyuvusa | |||
Class 4 | iyovusa | eyovusa | iyovusa | ayiyuvusa | engeyuvusa | ingeyuvusa | |||
Class 5 | liyovusa | eliyovusa | liyovusa | aliyuvusa | elingeyuvusa | lingeyuvusa | |||
Class 6 | ayovusa | ayovusa | eyovusa | awayuvusa | angeyuvusa | engeyuvusa | |||
Class 7 | siyovusa | esiyovusa | siyovusa | asiyuvusa | esingeyuvusa | singeyuvusa | |||
Class 8 | ziyovusa | eziyovusa | ziyovusa | aziyuvusa | ezingeyuvusa | zingeyuvusa | |||
Class 9 | iyovusa | eyovusa | iyovusa | ayiyuvusa | engeyuvusa | ingeyuvusa | |||
Class 10 | ziyovusa | eziyovusa | ziyovusa | aziyuvusa | ezingeyuvusa | zingeyuvusa | |||
Class 11 | luyovusa | oluyovusa | luyovusa | aluyuvusa | olungeyuvusa | lungeyuvusa | |||
Class 14 | buyovusa | obuyovusa | buyovusa | abuyuvusa | obungeyuvusa | bungeyuvusa | |||
Class 15 | kuyovusa | okuyovusa | kuyovusa | akuyuvusa | okungeyuvusa | kungeyuvusa | |||
Class 17 | kuyovusa | okuyovusa | kuyovusa | akuyuvusa | okungeyuvusa | kungeyuvusa | |||
Present subjunctive | |||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
1st singular | ngivuse | ngingavusi | |||||||
2nd singular | uvuse | ungavusi | |||||||
1st plural | sivuse | singavusi | |||||||
2nd plural | nivuse | ningavusi | |||||||
Class 1 | avuse | angavusi | |||||||
Class 2 | bavuse | bangavusi | |||||||
Class 3 | uvuse | ungavusi | |||||||
Class 4 | ivuse | ingavusi | |||||||
Class 5 | livuse | lingavusi | |||||||
Class 6 | avuse | angavusi | |||||||
Class 7 | sivuse | singavusi | |||||||
Class 8 | zivuse | zingavusi | |||||||
Class 9 | ivuse | ingavusi | |||||||
Class 10 | zivuse | zingavusi | |||||||
Class 11 | luvuse | lungavusi | |||||||
Class 14 | buvuse | bungavusi | |||||||
Class 15 | kuvuse | kungavusi | |||||||
Class 17 | kuvuse | kungavusi | |||||||
Past subjunctive | |||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
1st singular | ngavusa | ngangavusa, angavusa, angangavusa | |||||||
2nd singular | wavusa | wangavusa, awavusa, awangavusa | |||||||
1st plural | savusa | sangavusa, asavusa, asangavusa | |||||||
2nd plural | navusa | nangavusa, anavusa, anangavusa | |||||||
Class 1 | wavusa | wangavusa, akavusa, akangavusa | |||||||
Class 2 | bavusa | bangavusa, abavusa, abangavusa | |||||||
Class 3 | wavusa | wangavusa, awavusa, awangavusa | |||||||
Class 4 | yavusa | yangavusa, ayavusa, ayangavusa | |||||||
Class 5 | lavusa | langavusa, alavusa, alangavusa | |||||||
Class 6 | avusa | angavusa, awavusa, awangavusa | |||||||
Class 7 | savusa | sangavusa, asavusa, asangavusa | |||||||
Class 8 | zavusa | zangavusa, azavusa, azangavusa | |||||||
Class 9 | yavusa | yangavusa, ayavusa, ayangavusa | |||||||
Class 10 | zavusa | zangavusa, azavusa, azangavusa | |||||||
Class 11 | lwavusa | lwangavusa, alwavusa, alwangavusa | |||||||
Class 14 | bavusa | bangavusa, abavusa, abangavusa | |||||||
Class 15 | kwavusa | kwangavusa, akwavusa, akwangavusa | |||||||
Class 17 | kwavusa | kwangavusa, akwavusa, akwangavusa |
References
- C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “vusa”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “vusa (6-3.9)”
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