tw

See also: TW, tw., .tw, t.w., ṯw, tꜣw, and ṯꜣw

Translingual

Symbol

tw

  1. (international standards) ISO 639-1 language code for Twi.

Egyptian

Pronunciation

Etymology 1

From earlier tj.

Determiner
tw

 f sg proximal, later copular/vocative demonstrative determiner

  1. (Old Egyptian) this
  2. (Middle Egyptian) O (vocative reference)
Usage notes

This demonstrative was originally a determiner but could later be used alone, like a pronoun. When used as a determiner it follows the noun it describes.

Inflection
Old Egyptian demonstratives
determiners pronouns1 adverbs
number singular dual plural unmarked
gender masculine feminine masculine feminine masculine feminine unmarked
proximal to speaker pn
 tn, jtn
 *jpnj
 *jptnj
 jpn
 jptn
 nn
 —
distal pf
 tf
 *jpfj
 *jptfj
 jpf
 jptf
 nf
 —
proximal to spoken of pj, pw, py, p
 tj, tw, jtw
 jpwj
 *jptwj
 jpw
 jptw
 nw
 —
vocative pꜣ
 tꜣ
 —
 —
 —
 —
 nꜣ
 ꜥꜣ
  1. Unmarked for number and gender, but treated syntactically as masculine plurals when used with participles and relative forms, and as feminine singulars when referred to by resumptive pronouns.
Middle Egyptian demonstratives
determiners and pronouns adverbs
number singular plural1
gender masculine feminine unmarked
proximal pn
 tn
 nn
 ꜥn
distal pf, pfꜣ
 tf, tfꜣ
 nf, nfꜣ
 ꜥf
‘copula’; vocative pw, pwy
 tw, twy
 nw
 —
anaphoric pꜣ
 tꜣ
 nꜣ
 ꜥꜣ
  1. Joined by n(j) to nouns they modify.
Late Egyptian demonstratives and articles
masculine feminine plural adverb
pronoun pꜣw
 dj
determiners and pronouns pꜣj
 tꜣj
 nꜣj
possessive determiners (used with suffix pronouns) pꜣy
 tꜣy
 nꜣy
relational pronouns (‘possessive prefixes’) p-n, pꜣ
 t-nt, tꜣ
 nꜣyw, nꜣ
definite articles pꜣ
 tꜣ
 nꜣ1
indefinite articles wꜥ1
 nhꜣy1
  1. Originally joined by n(j) to nouns they modify; later without it.
Alternative forms
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of tw  
t
W
tw

There is also an alternative form that cannot stand alone as a pronoun: twy.

Pronoun
tw

impersonal enclitic (‘dependent’) pronoun

  1. (Middle Egyptian) used as the impersonal subject of an adverbial predicate or verb form; one, someone or something unspecified
  2. used as a substitute for noun phrases referring to the king [since the New Kingdom]
Usage notes

tw can be used as a subject without any introductory particle only with a verb in the periphrastic prospective (the pseudoverbal construction with r).

In the sense referring to the king, this pronoun is conventionally translated as capitalized “One”.

Alternative forms
Alternative hieroglyphic writings of tw  
t
W
t
ti
tw t tj
rare
Derived terms

Pronoun
tw

 m sg 2. enclitic (‘dependent’) pronoun

  1. Variant spelling of ṯw

References
  • James P[eter] Allen (2010) Middle Egyptian: An Introduction to the Language and Culture of Hieroglyphs, 2nd edition, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN, pages 51, 54–55, 181.
  • Faulkner, Raymond Oliver (1962) A Concise Dictionary of Middle Egyptian, Oxford: Griffith Institute, →ISBN
  • Loprieno, Antonio (1995) Ancient Egyptian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, →ISBN

White Hmong

Etymology

From Proto-Hmong-Mien *tu̯eiX (“tail”). Cognate with Iu Mien dueiv;[1] outside of Hmong-Mien, compare Proto-Mon-Khmer *[k]ɗuut (“tip, tail”), whence Khmer កន្ទូត (kɑntuut, “rump of fowl”), as well as Proto-Malayo-Polynesian *buntut (“rear end of chicken”), whence Malay buntut (“butt”).[2]

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /tɨ˧/

Noun

tw (classifier: tus)

  1. tail

Derived terms
  • caj tw (“buttocks”)
  • ko tw (“tail”)
  • tw roob (“foot of a mountain”)

References
  • Heimbach, Ernest E. (1979) White Hmong — English Dictionary‎, SEAP Publications, →ISBN, page 330.
  1. Ratliff, Martha (2010) Hmong-Mien language history (Studies in Language Change; 8), Camberra, Australia: Pacific Linguistics, →ISBN, page 283.
  2. https://web.archive.org/web/20240318042808/https://www.linguisticsociety.org/sites/default/files/e-learning/August%201%20Language%20contact.pdf
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