pleo
Latin
Etymology
Exists only as a bound morpheme in prefixed verbs, where it continues Proto-Italic *plēō, from earlier *plējō, from Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁-ye-ti, a yé-present innovatively formed to the aorist stem of Proto-Indo-European *pleh₁- (“to fill”). Compare Russian -по́лнить (-pólnitʹ), a cognate with the same meaning that likewise does not occur uncompounded.
Verb
pleō (present infinitive plēre, perfect active plēvī, supine plētum); second conjugation
- Combining form used to form prefixed verbs with the approximate meaning "to fill".
- ca. 500, Pompeius, In artem Donati p. 240 l.34:
- […] est <etiam> conpositum quod nōn potest fierī simplex, ut conpleō: nēmō potest dīcere pleō.
- it's likewise a compound when it cannot be used on its own, such as complete: one can't say plete.
- […] est <etiam> conpositum quod nōn potest fierī simplex, ut conpleō: nēmō potest dīcere pleō.
- For quotations using this term, see Citations:pleo.
Conjugation
Only one form, plendī (CIL 2.6278.38), is attested in classical Latin without a prefix outside of grammarians. (Festus p.230M) also cites plentur without attribution.
| Conjugation of -pleō (second conjugation) | |||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| indicative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | -pleō | -plēs | -plet | -plēmus | -plētis | -plent |
| imperfect | -plēbam | -plēbās | -plēbat | -plēbāmus | -plēbātis | -plēbant | |
| future | -plēbō | -plēbis | -plēbit | -plēbimus | -plēbitis | -plēbunt | |
| perfect | -plēvī | -plēvistī | -plēvit | -plēvimus | -plēvistis | -plēvērunt, -plēvēre | |
| pluperfect | -plēveram | -plēverās | -plēverat | -plēverāmus | -plēverātis | -plēverant | |
| future perfect | -plēverō | -plēveris | -plēverit | -plēverimus | -plēveritis | -plēverint | |
| sigmatic future1 | -ō, ēssō |
-is, ēssis |
-it, ēssit |
-imus, ēssimus |
-itis, ēssitis |
-int, ēssint | |
| passive | present | -pleor | -plēris, -plēre |
-plētur | -plēmur | -plēminī | -plentur |
| imperfect | -plēbar | -plēbāris, -plēbāre |
-plēbātur | -plēbāmur | -plēbāminī | -plēbantur | |
| future | -plēbor | -plēberis, -plēbere |
-plēbitur | -plēbimur | -plēbiminī | -plēbuntur | |
| perfect | -plētus + present active indicative of sum | ||||||
| pluperfect | -plētus + imperfect active indicative of sum | ||||||
| future perfect | -plētus + future active indicative of sum | ||||||
| sigmatic future1 | -or, ēssor |
-eris, ēsseris |
-itur, ēssitur |
— | — | — | |
| subjunctive | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | -pleam | -pleās | -pleat | -pleāmus | -pleātis | -pleant |
| imperfect | -plērem | -plērēs | -plēret | -plērēmus | -plērētis | -plērent | |
| perfect | -plēverim | -plēverīs | -plēverit | -plēverīmus | -plēverītis | -plēverint | |
| pluperfect | -plēvissem | -plēvissēs | -plēvisset | -plēvissēmus | -plēvissētis | -plēvissent | |
| sigmatic aorist1 | -im, ēssim |
-īs, ēssīs |
-īt, ēssīt |
-īmus, ēssīmus |
-ītis, ēssītis |
-int, ēssint | |
| passive | present | -plear | -pleāris, -pleāre |
-pleātur | -pleāmur | -pleāminī | -pleantur |
| imperfect | -plērer | -plērēris, -plērēre |
-plērētur | -plērēmur | -plērēminī | -plērentur | |
| perfect | -plētus + present active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
| pluperfect | -plētus + imperfect active subjunctive of sum | ||||||
| imperative | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| active | present | — | -plē | — | — | -plēte | — |
| future | — | -plētō | -plētō | — | -plētōte | -plentō | |
| passive | present | — | -plēre | — | — | -plēminī | — |
| future | — | -plētor | -plētor | — | — | -plentor | |
| non-finite forms | active | passive | |||||
| present | perfect | future | present | perfect | future | ||
| infinitives | -plēre | -plēvisse | -plētūrum esse | -plērī | -plētum esse | -plētum īrī | |
| participles | -plēns | — | -plētūrus | — | -plētus | -plendus | |
| verbal nouns | gerund | supine | |||||
| genitive | dative | accusative | ablative | accusative | ablative | ||
| plendī | -plendō | -plendum | -plendō | -plētum | -plētū | ||
1At least one use of the archaic "sigmatic future" and "sigmatic aorist" tenses is attested, which are used by Old Latin writers; most notably Plautus and Terence. The sigmatic future is generally ascribed a future or future perfect meaning, while the sigmatic aorist expresses a possible desire ("might want to"). It is also attested as having a rare sigmatic future passive indicative form ("will have been"), which is not attested in the plural for any verb.
Derived terms
References
- “pleō” in the Thesaurus Linguae Latinae (TLL Open Access), Berlin (formerly Leipzig): De Gruyter (formerly Teubner), 1900–present
- “pleō” on page 1530 of the Oxford Latin Dictionary (2nd ed., 2012)
- “pleo”, in Charlton T. Lewis and Charles Short (1879) A Latin Dictionary, Oxford: Clarendon Press
- pleo in Gaffiot, Félix (1934) Dictionnaire illustré latin-français, Hachette.