ka- -an

• IPA^(key): /ka an/

ka- -an

1. -ness; appended to adjectives to form abstract nouns meaning "the state of (the adjective)", "the quality of (the adjective)", or "the measure of (the adjective)".

   kabecekan ― kindness

   kakarepan ― eagerness

   kaleburan ― loveliness

   kanyamanan ― palatableness

2. -ship; appended to a noun to form a new noun denoting a property or state of being, time spent in a role, or a specialised union.

   kasaraan ― hardship

3. -ity; Used to form a noun from an adjective; especially, to form the noun referring to the state, property, or quality of conforming to the adjective's description.

   kalempongan ― perplexity

4. Forming nouns denoting the domain or jurisdiction of the suffixed word.

   kadipatenan ― duchy

ka- -an

1. -ed; to suffer or to get of noun or verb bases.

   ‎takok (“fright”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎katakokan (“frightened”)

   ‎tagersok (“shock”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎katagersokan (“shocked”)

ka- -an

1. (usually colloquial) adjective forming for very [base] or exceed, affixed into adjective, adverb, or noun.

   ‎raje (“huge”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎karajean (“too big”)

   ‎dumik (“small”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kadumikan (“too small”)

   ‎seang (“midday”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kaseangan (“too late; overslept”)

• ca- -an — obsolete, Spanish-based orthography
• ka- -han
• ka- -nan

From Proto-Austronesian *ka- -an (compare Malay ke- -an).

• (Standard Tagalog) IPA^(key): /ka an/ [kɐ ɐn]
• Syllabification: ka- -an

ka- -an (Baybayin spelling ᜃ ◌ᜈ᜔ or ᜃ ᜀᜈ᜔)

1. used to form abstract nouns

   ‎payapa (“peaceful”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kapayapaan (“peace”)

   ‎malay (“awareness”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kamalayan (“consciousness”)

2. used to form nouns indicating a larger location

   ‎gubat (“woods”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kagubatan (“forest”)

   ‎dagat (“sea”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎karagatan (“ocean”)

3. used to form proper nouns indicating a domain of a people or place

   ‎Tagalog (“Tagalog”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎Katagalugan (“Tagalog area”)

   ‎Bisaya (“Visayan”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎Kabisayaan (“Visayas; Visayan area”)

   ‎Maynila (“Manila”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎Kamaynilaan (“Metro Manila; Manila area”)

4. used to form words meaning “one who receives or (-an) from someone (ka-)”

   ‎ibig (“love”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kaibigan (“friend; person who receives love from someone; lover”)

   ‎halik (“kiss”) + ‎ka- -an → ‎kahalikan (“person who receives kisses from someone; kissing-mate”)

• Normally, /h/ is inserted before -an when the root word ends with a vowel that is not followed by a glottal stop. In some cases, phoneme change can occur and /h/ becomes /n/.

  ‎saya + ‎ka- -an → ‎kasiyahan

  ‎dami + ‎ka- -an → ‎karamihan

  ‎gusto + ‎ka- -an → ‎kagustuhan

  ‎bihasa + ‎ka- -an → ‎kabihasnan

• Due to allophony, /d/ turns into /r/ when inserted before -an or after ka-.

  ‎baliktad + ‎ka- -an → ‎kabaliktaran

  ‎lunod + ‎ka- -an → ‎kanluran

  ‎gawad + ‎ka- -an → ‎kagawaran

  ‎dami + ‎ka- -an → ‎karamihan

  ‎dangal + ‎ka- -an → ‎karangalan

  ‎danas + ‎ka- -an → ‎karanasan

• Sense 4: The ka- prefix has a stress while the stress of the root shifts syllables to the right. For roots with stress on the last syllable, the stress goes to -an.