jabha
Zulu
Inflection
Tone H | |||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Infinitive | ukujabha | ||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
Infinitive | ukujabha | ukungajabhi | |||||||
Imperative | |||||||||
Simple | + object concord | ||||||||
Singular | jabha | -jabhe | |||||||
Plural | jabhani | -jabheni | |||||||
Present | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngiyajabha, ngijabha | engijabhayo, engijabha | ngijabha | angijabhi | engingajabhi | ngingajabhi | |||
2nd singular | uyajabha, ujabha | ojabhayo, ojabha | ujabha | awujabhi | ongajabhi | ungajabhi | |||
1st plural | siyajabha, sijabha | esijabhayo, esijabha | sijabha | asijabhi | esingajabhi | singajabhi | |||
2nd plural | niyajabha, nijabha | enijabhayo, enijabha | nijabha | anijabhi | eningajabhi | ningajabhi | |||
Class 1 | uyajabha, ujabha | ojabhayo, ojabha | ejabha | akajabhi | ongajabhi | engajabhi | |||
Class 2 | bayajabha, bajabha | abajabhayo, abajabha | bejabha | abajabhi | abangajabhi | bengajabhi | |||
Class 3 | uyajabha, ujabha | ojabhayo, ojabha | ujabha | awujabhi | ongajabhi | ungajabhi | |||
Class 4 | iyajabha, ijabha | ejabhayo, ejabha | ijabha | ayijabhi | engajabhi | ingajabhi | |||
Class 5 | liyajabha, lijabha | elijabhayo, elijabha | lijabha | alijabhi | elingajabhi | lingajabhi | |||
Class 6 | ayajabha, ajabha | ajabhayo, ajabha | ejabha | awajabhi | angajabhi | engajabhi | |||
Class 7 | siyajabha, sijabha | esijabhayo, esijabha | sijabha | asijabhi | esingajabhi | singajabhi | |||
Class 8 | ziyajabha, zijabha | ezijabhayo, ezijabha | zijabha | azijabhi | ezingajabhi | zingajabhi | |||
Class 9 | iyajabha, ijabha | ejabhayo, ejabha | ijabha | ayijabhi | engajabhi | ingajabhi | |||
Class 10 | ziyajabha, zijabha | ezijabhayo, ezijabha | zijabha | azijabhi | ezingajabhi | zingajabhi | |||
Class 11 | luyajabha, lujabha | olujabhayo, olujabha | lujabha | alujabhi | olungajabhi | lungajabhi | |||
Class 14 | buyajabha, bujabha | obujabhayo, obujabha | bujabha | abujabhi | obungajabhi | bungajabhi | |||
Class 15 | kuyajabha, kujabha | okujabhayo, okujabha | kujabha | akujabhi | okungajabhi | kungajabhi | |||
Class 17 | kuyajabha, kujabha | okujabhayo, okujabha | kujabha | akujabhi | okungajabhi | kungajabhi | |||
Recent past | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngijabhile, ngijabhē | engijabhile, engijabhē | ngijabhile, ngijabhē | angijabhanga | engingajabhanga | ngingajabhanga | |||
2nd singular | ujabhile, ujabhē | ojabhile, ojabhē | ujabhile, ujabhē | awujabhanga | ongajabhanga | ungajabhanga | |||
1st plural | sijabhile, sijabhē | esijabhile, esijabhē | sijabhile, sijabhē | asijabhanga | esingajabhanga | singajabhanga | |||
2nd plural | nijabhile, nijabhē | enijabhile, enijabhē | nijabhile, nijabhē | anijabhanga | eningajabhanga | ningajabhanga | |||
Class 1 | ujabhile, ujabhē | ojabhile, ojabhē | ejabhile, ejabhē | akajabhanga | ongajabhanga | engajabhanga | |||
Class 2 | bajabhile, bajabhē | abajabhile, abajabhē | bejabhile, bejabhē | abajabhanga | abangajabhanga | bengajabhanga | |||
Class 3 | ujabhile, ujabhē | ojabhile, ojabhē | ujabhile, ujabhē | awujabhanga | ongajabhanga | ungajabhanga | |||
Class 4 | ijabhile, ijabhē | ejabhile, ejabhē | ijabhile, ijabhē | ayijabhanga | engajabhanga | ingajabhanga | |||
Class 5 | lijabhile, lijabhē | elijabhile, elijabhē | lijabhile, lijabhē | alijabhanga | elingajabhanga | lingajabhanga | |||
Class 6 | ajabhile, ajabhē | ajabhile, ajabhē | ejabhile, ejabhē | awajabhanga | angajabhanga | engajabhanga | |||
Class 7 | sijabhile, sijabhē | esijabhile, esijabhē | sijabhile, sijabhē | asijabhanga | esingajabhanga | singajabhanga | |||
Class 8 | zijabhile, zijabhē | ezijabhile, ezijabhē | zijabhile, zijabhē | azijabhanga | ezingajabhanga | zingajabhanga | |||
Class 9 | ijabhile, ijabhē | ejabhile, ejabhē | ijabhile, ijabhē | ayijabhanga | engajabhanga | ingajabhanga | |||
Class 10 | zijabhile, zijabhē | ezijabhile, ezijabhē | zijabhile, zijabhē | azijabhanga | ezingajabhanga | zingajabhanga | |||
Class 11 | lujabhile, lujabhē | olujabhile, olujabhē | lujabhile, lujabhē | alujabhanga | olungajabhanga | lungajabhanga | |||
Class 14 | bujabhile, bujabhē | obujabhile, obujabhē | bujabhile, bujabhē | abujabhanga | obungajabhanga | bungajabhanga | |||
Class 15 | kujabhile, kujabhē | okujabhile, okujabhē | kujabhile, kujabhē | akujabhanga | okungajabhanga | kungajabhanga | |||
Class 17 | kujabhile, kujabhē | okujabhile, okujabhē | kujabhile, kujabhē | akujabhanga | okungajabhanga | kungajabhanga | |||
Remote past | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngājabha | engājabha | ngājabha | angijabhanga | engingajabhanga | ngingajabhanga | |||
2nd singular | wājabha | owājabha | wājabha | awujabhanga | ongajabhanga | ungajabhanga | |||
1st plural | sājabha | esājabha | sājabha | asijabhanga | esingajabhanga | singajabhanga | |||
2nd plural | nājabha | enājabha | nājabha | anijabhanga | eningajabhanga | ningajabhanga | |||
Class 1 | wājabha | owājabha | ājabha | akajabhanga | ongajabhanga | engajabhanga | |||
Class 2 | bājabha | abājabha | bājabha | abajabhanga | abangajabhanga | bengajabhanga | |||
Class 3 | wājabha | owājabha | wājabha | awujabhanga | ongajabhanga | ungajabhanga | |||
Class 4 | yājabha | eyājabha | yājabha | ayijabhanga | engajabhanga | ingajabhanga | |||
Class 5 | lājabha | elājabha | lājabha | alijabhanga | elingajabhanga | lingajabhanga | |||
Class 6 | ājabha | ājabha | ājabha | awajabhanga | angajabhanga | engajabhanga | |||
Class 7 | sājabha | esājabha | sājabha | asijabhanga | esingajabhanga | singajabhanga | |||
Class 8 | zājabha | ezājabha | zājabha | azijabhanga | ezingajabhanga | zingajabhanga | |||
Class 9 | yājabha | eyājabha | yājabha | ayijabhanga | engajabhanga | ingajabhanga | |||
Class 10 | zājabha | ezājabha | zājabha | azijabhanga | ezingajabhanga | zingajabhanga | |||
Class 11 | lwājabha | olwājabha | lwājabha | alujabhanga | olungajabhanga | lungajabhanga | |||
Class 14 | bājabha | obājabha | bājabha | abujabhanga | obungajabhanga | bungajabhanga | |||
Class 15 | kwājabha | okwājabha | kwājabha | akujabhanga | okungajabhanga | kungajabhanga | |||
Class 17 | kwājabha | okwājabha | kwājabha | akujabhanga | okungajabhanga | kungajabhanga | |||
Potential | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngingajabha | — | ngingajabha | ngingejabhe | — | ngingejabhe | |||
2nd singular | ungajabha | — | ungajabha | ungejabhe | — | ungejabhe | |||
1st plural | singajabha | — | singajabha | singejabhe | — | singejabhe | |||
2nd plural | ningajabha | — | ningajabha | ningejabhe | — | ningejabhe | |||
Class 1 | angajabha | — | engajabha | angejabhe | — | engejabhe | |||
Class 2 | bangajabha | — | bengajabha | bangejabhe | — | bengejabhe | |||
Class 3 | ungajabha | — | ungajabha | ungejabhe | — | ungejabhe | |||
Class 4 | ingajabha | — | ingajabha | ingejabhe | — | ingejabhe | |||
Class 5 | lingajabha | — | lingajabha | lingejabhe | — | lingejabhe | |||
Class 6 | angajabha | — | engajabha | angejabhe | — | engejabhe | |||
Class 7 | singajabha | — | singajabha | singejabhe | — | singejabhe | |||
Class 8 | zingajabha | — | zingajabha | zingejabhe | — | zingejabhe | |||
Class 9 | ingajabha | — | ingajabha | ingejabhe | — | ingejabhe | |||
Class 10 | zingajabha | — | zingajabha | zingejabhe | — | zingejabhe | |||
Class 11 | lungajabha | — | lungajabha | lungejabhe | — | lungejabhe | |||
Class 14 | bungajabha | — | bungajabha | bungejabhe | — | bungejabhe | |||
Class 15 | kungajabha | — | kungajabha | kungejabhe | — | kungejabhe | |||
Class 17 | kungajabha | — | kungajabha | kungejabhe | — | kungejabhe | |||
Immediate future | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngizojabha | engizojabha | ngizojabha | angizujabha | engingezujabha | ngingezujabha | |||
2nd singular | uzojabha | ozojabha | uzojabha | awuzujabha | ongezujabha | ungezujabha | |||
1st plural | sizojabha | esizojabha | sizojabha | asizujabha | esingezujabha | singezujabha | |||
2nd plural | nizojabha | enizojabha | nizojabha | anizujabha | eningezujabha | ningezujabha | |||
Class 1 | uzojabha | ozojabha | ezojabha | akazujabha | ongezujabha | engezujabha | |||
Class 2 | bazojabha | abazojabha | bezojabha | abazujabha | abangezujabha | bengezujabha | |||
Class 3 | uzojabha | ozojabha | uzojabha | awuzujabha | ongezujabha | ungezujabha | |||
Class 4 | izojabha | ezojabha | izojabha | ayizujabha | engezujabha | ingezujabha | |||
Class 5 | lizojabha | elizojabha | lizojabha | alizujabha | elingezujabha | lingezujabha | |||
Class 6 | azojabha | azojabha | ezojabha | awazujabha | angezujabha | engezujabha | |||
Class 7 | sizojabha | esizojabha | sizojabha | asizujabha | esingezujabha | singezujabha | |||
Class 8 | zizojabha | ezizojabha | zizojabha | azizujabha | ezingezujabha | zingezujabha | |||
Class 9 | izojabha | ezojabha | izojabha | ayizujabha | engezujabha | ingezujabha | |||
Class 10 | zizojabha | ezizojabha | zizojabha | azizujabha | ezingezujabha | zingezujabha | |||
Class 11 | luzojabha | oluzojabha | luzojabha | aluzujabha | olungezujabha | lungezujabha | |||
Class 14 | buzojabha | obuzojabha | buzojabha | abuzujabha | obungezujabha | bungezujabha | |||
Class 15 | kuzojabha | okuzojabha | kuzojabha | akuzujabha | okungezujabha | kungezujabha | |||
Class 17 | kuzojabha | okuzojabha | kuzojabha | akuzujabha | okungezujabha | kungezujabha | |||
Remote future | |||||||||
Positive absolute | Positive relative | Positive participial | Negative absolute | Negative relative | Negative participial | ||||
1st singular | ngiyojabha | engiyojabha | ngiyojabha | angiyujabha | engingeyujabha | ngingeyujabha | |||
2nd singular | uyojabha | oyojabha | uyojabha | awuyujabha | ongeyujabha | ungeyujabha | |||
1st plural | siyojabha | esiyojabha | siyojabha | asiyujabha | esingeyujabha | singeyujabha | |||
2nd plural | niyojabha | eniyojabha | niyojabha | aniyujabha | eningeyujabha | ningeyujabha | |||
Class 1 | uyojabha | oyojabha | eyojabha | akayujabha | ongeyujabha | engeyujabha | |||
Class 2 | bayojabha | abayojabha | beyojabha | abayujabha | abangeyujabha | bengeyujabha | |||
Class 3 | uyojabha | oyojabha | uyojabha | awuyujabha | ongeyujabha | ungeyujabha | |||
Class 4 | iyojabha | eyojabha | iyojabha | ayiyujabha | engeyujabha | ingeyujabha | |||
Class 5 | liyojabha | eliyojabha | liyojabha | aliyujabha | elingeyujabha | lingeyujabha | |||
Class 6 | ayojabha | ayojabha | eyojabha | awayujabha | angeyujabha | engeyujabha | |||
Class 7 | siyojabha | esiyojabha | siyojabha | asiyujabha | esingeyujabha | singeyujabha | |||
Class 8 | ziyojabha | eziyojabha | ziyojabha | aziyujabha | ezingeyujabha | zingeyujabha | |||
Class 9 | iyojabha | eyojabha | iyojabha | ayiyujabha | engeyujabha | ingeyujabha | |||
Class 10 | ziyojabha | eziyojabha | ziyojabha | aziyujabha | ezingeyujabha | zingeyujabha | |||
Class 11 | luyojabha | oluyojabha | luyojabha | aluyujabha | olungeyujabha | lungeyujabha | |||
Class 14 | buyojabha | obuyojabha | buyojabha | abuyujabha | obungeyujabha | bungeyujabha | |||
Class 15 | kuyojabha | okuyojabha | kuyojabha | akuyujabha | okungeyujabha | kungeyujabha | |||
Class 17 | kuyojabha | okuyojabha | kuyojabha | akuyujabha | okungeyujabha | kungeyujabha | |||
Present subjunctive | |||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
1st singular | ngijabhe | ngingajabhi | |||||||
2nd singular | ujabhe | ungajabhi | |||||||
1st plural | sijabhe | singajabhi | |||||||
2nd plural | nijabhe | ningajabhi | |||||||
Class 1 | ajabhe | angajabhi | |||||||
Class 2 | bajabhe | bangajabhi | |||||||
Class 3 | ujabhe | ungajabhi | |||||||
Class 4 | ijabhe | ingajabhi | |||||||
Class 5 | lijabhe | lingajabhi | |||||||
Class 6 | ajabhe | angajabhi | |||||||
Class 7 | sijabhe | singajabhi | |||||||
Class 8 | zijabhe | zingajabhi | |||||||
Class 9 | ijabhe | ingajabhi | |||||||
Class 10 | zijabhe | zingajabhi | |||||||
Class 11 | lujabhe | lungajabhi | |||||||
Class 14 | bujabhe | bungajabhi | |||||||
Class 15 | kujabhe | kungajabhi | |||||||
Class 17 | kujabhe | kungajabhi | |||||||
Past subjunctive | |||||||||
Positive | Negative | ||||||||
1st singular | ngajabha | ngangajabha, angajabha, angangajabha | |||||||
2nd singular | wajabha | wangajabha, awajabha, awangajabha | |||||||
1st plural | sajabha | sangajabha, asajabha, asangajabha | |||||||
2nd plural | najabha | nangajabha, anajabha, anangajabha | |||||||
Class 1 | wajabha | wangajabha, akajabha, akangajabha | |||||||
Class 2 | bajabha | bangajabha, abajabha, abangajabha | |||||||
Class 3 | wajabha | wangajabha, awajabha, awangajabha | |||||||
Class 4 | yajabha | yangajabha, ayajabha, ayangajabha | |||||||
Class 5 | lajabha | langajabha, alajabha, alangajabha | |||||||
Class 6 | ajabha | angajabha, awajabha, awangajabha | |||||||
Class 7 | sajabha | sangajabha, asajabha, asangajabha | |||||||
Class 8 | zajabha | zangajabha, azajabha, azangajabha | |||||||
Class 9 | yajabha | yangajabha, ayajabha, ayangajabha | |||||||
Class 10 | zajabha | zangajabha, azajabha, azangajabha | |||||||
Class 11 | lwajabha | lwangajabha, alwajabha, alwangajabha | |||||||
Class 14 | bajabha | bangajabha, abajabha, abangajabha | |||||||
Class 15 | kwajabha | kwangajabha, akwajabha, akwangajabha | |||||||
Class 17 | kwajabha | kwangajabha, akwajabha, akwangajabha |
References
- C. M. Doke, B. W. Vilakazi (1972) “jaba”, in Zulu-English Dictionary, →ISBN: “jaba (6-3.9)”
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