inclure

French

Etymology

Borrowed from Latin inclūdere, with conjugation modeled on clore; compare the inherited doublet enclore.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ɛ̃.klyʁ/
  • Audio(file)

Verb

inclure

  1. to include
  2. to enclose (attach document, file)
  3. to feature (important aspect, design, information, event)

Conjugation

This verb is one of a few verbs in -clure where the past participle is in -us(e) instead of -u(e).

Conjugation of inclure (see also Appendix:French verbs)
infinitive simple inclure
compound avoir + past participle
present participle or gerund1 simple incluant
/ɛ̃.kly.ɑ̃/
compound ayant + past participle
past participle inclus
/ɛ̃.kly/
singular plural
first second third first second third
indicative je (j’) tu il, elle, on nous vous ils, elles
(simple
tenses)		 present inclus
/ɛ̃.kly/		 inclus
/ɛ̃.kly/		 inclut
/ɛ̃.kly/		 incluons
/ɛ̃.kly.ɔ̃/		 incluez
/ɛ̃.kly.e/		 incluent
/ɛ̃.kly/
imperfect incluais
/ɛ̃.kly.ɛ/		 incluais
/ɛ̃.kly.ɛ/		 incluait
/ɛ̃.kly.ɛ/		 incluions
/ɛ̃.kly.jɔ̃/		 incluiez
/ɛ̃.kly.je/		 incluaient
/ɛ̃.kly.ɛ/
past historic2 inclus
/ɛ̃.kly/		 inclus
/ɛ̃.kly/		 inclut
/ɛ̃.kly/		 inclûmes
/ɛ̃.klym/		 inclûtes
/ɛ̃.klyt/		 inclurent
/ɛ̃.klyʁ/
future inclurai
/ɛ̃.kly.ʁe/		 incluras
/ɛ̃.kly.ʁa/		 inclura
/ɛ̃.kly.ʁa/		 inclurons
/ɛ̃.kly.ʁɔ̃/		 inclurez
/ɛ̃.kly.ʁe/		 incluront
/ɛ̃.kly.ʁɔ̃/
conditional inclurais
/ɛ̃.kly.ʁɛ/		 inclurais
/ɛ̃.kly.ʁɛ/		 inclurait
/ɛ̃.kly.ʁɛ/		 inclurions
/ɛ̃.kly.ʁjɔ̃/		 incluriez
/ɛ̃.kly.ʁje/		 incluraient
/ɛ̃.kly.ʁɛ/
(compound
tenses)		 present perfect present indicative of avoir + past participle
pluperfect imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle
past anterior2 past historic of avoir + past participle
future perfect future of avoir + past participle
conditional perfect conditional of avoir + past participle
subjunctive que je (j’) que tu qu’il, qu’elle que nous que vous qu’ils, qu’elles
(simple
tenses)		 present inclue
/ɛ̃.kly/		 inclues
/ɛ̃.kly/		 inclue
/ɛ̃.kly/		 incluions
/ɛ̃.kly.jɔ̃/		 incluiez
/ɛ̃.kly.je/		 incluent
/ɛ̃.kly/
imperfect2 inclusse
/ɛ̃.klys/		 inclusses
/ɛ̃.klys/		 inclût
/ɛ̃.kly/		 inclussions
/ɛ̃.kly.sjɔ̃/		 inclussiez
/ɛ̃.kly.sje/		 inclussent
/ɛ̃.klys/
(compound
tenses)		 past present subjunctive of avoir + past participle
pluperfect2 imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle
imperative – tu – nous vous –
simple — inclus
/ɛ̃.kly/		 — incluons
/ɛ̃.kly.ɔ̃/		 incluez
/ɛ̃.kly.e/		 —
compound — simple imperative of avoir + past participle — simple imperative of avoir + past participle simple imperative of avoir + past participle —
1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en.
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
  • past historic → present perfect
  • past anterior → pluperfect
  • imperfect subjunctive → present subjunctive
  • pluperfect subjunctive → past subjunctive

(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81).

Derived terms

Further reading

Occitan

Etymology

From Latin inclūdō. Doublet of enclaure.

Pronunciation
  • Audio (Languedocien)(file)

Verb

inclure

  1. (transitive) to include; to enclose

Conjugation

This verb needs an inflection-table template.

Further reading
  • Joan de Cantalausa (2006) Diccionari general occitan a partir dels parlars lengadocians‎, 2 edition, →ISBN, page 559.
  • Diccionari General de la Lenga Occitana, L’Academia occitana – Consistòri del Gai Saber, 2008-2024, page 338.
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