gorfod

Welsh

Alternative forms
  • gorod

Etymology

gor- (“super-, over-”) +‎ bod (“to be”). Cf. Old Irish fortá (“to remain, to be superior to”).[1]

Pronunciation
  • (North Wales, standard) IPA(key): /ˈɡɔrvɔd/
    • (North Wales, colloquial) IPA(key): /ˈɡɔrɔd/, /ˈɡɔrɔ/
  • (South Wales, standard) IPA(key): /ˈɡɔrvɔd/
    • (South Wales, colloquial) IPA(key): /ˈɡɔrfɔd/, /ˈɡɔfɔd/, /ˈɡɔfɔ/

Verb

gorfod (first-person singular present gorfyddaf)

  1. (transitive) to have to, must
    Synonym: bod rhaid i

Conjugation
Conjugation (literary)
singular plural impersonal
first second third first second third
present/future gorfyddaf gorfyddi cyferfydd gorfyddwn gorfyddwch gorfyddant gorfyddir
imperfect/conditional gorfyddwn gorfyddit gorfyddai gorfyddem gorfyddech gorfyddent gorfyddid
preterite gorfûm, gorfyddais gorfuost, gorfyddaist gorfu, gorfyddodd gorfuom, gorfyddasom gorfuoch, gorfyddasoch gorfuant, gorfyddasant gorfuwyd
pluperfect gorfuaswn gorfuasit gorfuasai gorfuasem gorfuasech gorfuasent gorfuasid
subjunctive gorfyddwyf gorfyddych gorfyddo gorfyddom gorfyddoch gorfyddont gorfydder
imperative — gorfydda gorfydded gorfyddwn gorfyddwch gorfyddent gorfydder
verbal noun gorfod
verbal adjectives gorfyddedig
gorfyddadwy
Conjugation (colloquial)
Inflected colloquial forms singular plural
first second third first second third
future gorfydda i, gorfyddaf i gorfyddi di gorfydd o/e/hi gorfyddwn ni gorfyddwch chi gorfyddan nhw
conditional gorfyddwn i, gorfyddswn i gorfyddet ti, gorfyddset ti gorfyddai fo/fe/hi, gorfyddsai fo/fe/hi gorfydden ni, gorfyddsen ni gorfyddech chi, gorfyddsech chi gorfydden nhw, gorfyddsen nhw
preterite gorfues i gorfuest ti gorfuodd o/e/hi gorfuon ni gorfuoch chi gorfuon nhw
imperative — gorfydda — — gorfyddwch —
Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh.

Derived terms
  • gorfodwr (“victor”)
  • gorfodiad (“compulsion”)
  • gorfodadwy (“enforceable, surmountable”)

Noun

gorfod f or m (plural gorfodau)

  1. victory, triumph, supremacy
    1. success
  2. obligation, necessity

Derived terms
  • cael y gorfod (“to triumph”)
  • ciwed orfod (“press-gang”)
  • dan orfod, yng ngorfod (“under obligation, obliged”)
  • gorfodaeth (“compulsion, enforcement”)
  • (law) gorfodeb (“injunction”)
  • gorfodedd (“supremacy, dominance”)
  • gorfodi (“to force, to compel”)
  • gorfodog (“victorious, triumphant”)
  • gorfodol, gorfodus (“obligatory, compulsory”)
  • gorfodrif (“majority”)
  • (historical) gorfotref (“subdivision of a feudal estate”)
  • o orfod, trwy orfod (“by necessity, obligatorily”)

Adjective

gorfod (feminine singular gorfod, plural gorfod, not comparable)

  1. victorious, successful
    Synonyms: buddugol, gorchfygol, buddugol, llwyddiannus
  2. compulsory, mandatory, obligatory
    Synonyms: gorfodol, diriol, rhwymedig

Derived terms
  • gŵr gorfod (“victor”)
  • llafur gorfod (“forced labour”)

Mutation
Welsh mutation
radical soft nasal aspirate
gorfod orfod ngorfod unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References
  1. R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “gorfod”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
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