gorffen

Welsh

Etymology

From Old Welsh guor (“over”) +‎ phenn (“head”) (see penn). Cognate with Cornish gorfedna, Breton gourfennañ.

Pronunciation
  • IPA(key): /ˈɡɔrfɛn/, (North Wales colloquial also) /ˈɡɔrfan/

Verb

gorffen (first-person singular present gorffennaf)

  1. to end, finish, conclude
    Synonyms: bennu, cwpla, dibennu, diweddu
    Antonyms: cychwyn, dechrau
    Am faint o'r gloch mae'r ffilm yn gorffen?
    What time does the film finish?

Conjugation
Conjugation (literary)
singular plural impersonal
first second third first second third
present indicative/future gorffennaf gorffenni gorffen, gorffenna gorffennwn gorffennwch gorffennant gorffennir
imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/
conditional		 gorffennwn gorffennit gorffennai gorffennem gorffennech gorffennent gorffennid
preterite gorffennais gorffennaist gorffennodd gorffenasom gorffenasoch gorffenasant gorffennwyd
pluperfect gorffenaswn gorffenasit gorffenasai gorffenasem gorffenasech gorffenasent gorffenasid, gorffenesid
present subjunctive gorffennwyf gorffennych gorffenno gorffennom gorffennoch gorffennont gorffenner
imperative — gorffen, gorffenna gorffenned gorffennwn gorffennwch gorffennent gorffenner
verbal noun gorffen
verbal adjectives gorffenedig
gorffenadwy
Conjugation (colloquial)
Inflected colloquial forms singular plural
first second third first second third
future gorffenna i, gorffennaf i gorffenni di gorffennith o/e/hi, gorffenniff e/hi gorffennwn ni gorffennwch chi gorffennan nhw
conditional gorffennwn i, gorffenswn i gorffennet ti, gorffenset ti gorffennai fo/fe/hi, gorffensai fo/fe/hi gorffennen ni, gorffensen ni gorffennech chi, gorffensech chi gorffennen nhw, gorffensen nhw
preterite gorffennais i, gorffennes i gorffennaist ti, gorffennest ti gorffennodd o/e/hi gorffennon ni gorffennoch chi gorffennon nhw
imperative — gorffenna — — gorffennwch —
Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh.

Mutation
Welsh mutation
radical soft nasal aspirate
gorffen orffen ngorffen unchanged
Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs.

References
  • R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “gorffen”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
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