controuver
French
FWOTD – 24 January 2022
Etymology
Inherited from Old French controver (whence also English contrive). Equivalent to con- + trouver.
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /kɔ̃.tʁu.ve/
Audio (file)
Verb
controuver
- (rare, literary) to contrive
- 1630 June 2, C. de Nielles, letter to J. Wtenbogaert.
- Lesquels ils ne scavent honnir qu’avec l’ordure de leurs mensonges, qu’ils amassent par tout ou ils peuvent, ou les controuvent du venin de leur coeur, dequoy ils sont farcis.
- On whom they know not how to cast blame but with the filth of their lies, which they amass wheresoever they can, or contrive them out of the venom of their heart, with which they are filled.
- 1630 June 2, C. de Nielles, letter to J. Wtenbogaert.
Conjugation
Conjugation of controuver (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | controuver | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | controuvant /kɔ̃.tʁu.vɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | controuvé /kɔ̃.tʁu.ve/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | controuve /kɔ̃.tʁuv/ |
controuves /kɔ̃.tʁuv/ |
controuve /kɔ̃.tʁuv/ |
controuvons /kɔ̃.tʁu.vɔ̃/ |
controuvez /kɔ̃.tʁu.ve/ |
controuvent /kɔ̃.tʁuv/ |
| imperfect | controuvais /kɔ̃.tʁu.vɛ/ |
controuvais /kɔ̃.tʁu.vɛ/ |
controuvait /kɔ̃.tʁu.vɛ/ |
controuvions /kɔ̃.tʁu.vjɔ̃/ |
controuviez /kɔ̃.tʁu.vje/ |
controuvaient /kɔ̃.tʁu.vɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | controuvai /kɔ̃.tʁu.ve/ |
controuvas /kɔ̃.tʁu.va/ |
controuva /kɔ̃.tʁu.va/ |
controuvâmes /kɔ̃.tʁu.vam/ |
controuvâtes /kɔ̃.tʁu.vat/ |
controuvèrent /kɔ̃.tʁu.vɛʁ/ | |
| future | controuverai /kɔ̃.tʁu.vʁe/ |
controuveras /kɔ̃.tʁu.vʁa/ |
controuvera /kɔ̃.tʁu.vʁa/ |
controuverons /kɔ̃.tʁu.vʁɔ̃/ |
controuverez /kɔ̃.tʁu.vʁe/ |
controuveront /kɔ̃.tʁu.vʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | controuverais /kɔ̃.tʁu.vʁɛ/ |
controuverais /kɔ̃.tʁu.vʁɛ/ |
controuverait /kɔ̃.tʁu.vʁɛ/ |
controuverions /kɔ̃.tʁu.və.ʁjɔ̃/ |
controuveriez /kɔ̃.tʁu.və.ʁje/ |
controuveraient /kɔ̃.tʁu.vʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | controuve /kɔ̃.tʁuv/ |
controuves /kɔ̃.tʁuv/ |
controuve /kɔ̃.tʁuv/ |
controuvions /kɔ̃.tʁu.vjɔ̃/ |
controuviez /kɔ̃.tʁu.vje/ |
controuvent /kɔ̃.tʁuv/ |
| imperfect2 | controuvasse /kɔ̃.tʁu.vas/ |
controuvasses /kɔ̃.tʁu.vas/ |
controuvât /kɔ̃.tʁu.va/ |
controuvassions /kɔ̃.tʁu.va.sjɔ̃/ |
controuvassiez /kɔ̃.tʁu.va.sje/ |
controuvassent /kɔ̃.tʁu.vas/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | controuve /kɔ̃.tʁuv/ |
— | controuvons /kɔ̃.tʁu.vɔ̃/ |
controuvez /kɔ̃.tʁu.ve/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Further reading
- “controuver”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
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