chwerthin
Welsh
Etymology
From Proto-Celtic *swaryo- (“to laugh”), from Proto-Indo-European *swer- (“to sound, make a sound”). Cognate with Breton c’hoarzin, Old Cornish hwerthin; outside of Brythonic, compare Sanskrit स्वरति (svarati, “to sing, make a sound”), Old Norse sverja (“swear”), and perhaps Latin susurrus (“whisper”).
Pronunciation
- (North Wales) IPA(key): /ˈχwɛrθɨ̞n/
- (South Wales, standard, colloquial) IPA(key): /ˈχwɛrθɪn/
- (South Wales, colloquial) IPA(key): /ˈhwɛrθɪn/, /ˈwɛrθɪn/
- Rhymes: -ɛrθɪn
Verb
chwerthin (first-person singular present chwarddaf or chwerthaf or chwerthinaf, not mutable)
- to laugh
Conjugation
Conjugation (literary)
| singular | plural | impersonal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |||
| present indicative/future | chwarddaf | chwerddi | chwardd | chwarddwn | chwerddwch, chwarddwch | chwarddant | chwerddir | |
| imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/ conditional |
chwarddwn | chwarddit | chwarddai | chwarddem | chwarddech | chwarddent | chwerddid | |
| preterite | chwerddais | chwerddaist | chwarddodd | chwarddasom | chwarddasoch | chwarddasant | chwarddwyd | |
| pluperfect | chwarddaswn | chwarddasit | chwarddasai | chwarddasem | chwarddasech | chwarddasent | chwarddasid, chwarddesid | |
| present subjunctive | chwarddwyf | chwerddych | chwarddo | chwarddom | chwarddoch | chwarddont | chwardder | |
| imperative | — | chwardd | chwardded | chwarddwn | chwerddwch, chwarddwch | chwarddent | chwardder | |
| verbal noun | chwerthin | |||||||
| verbal adjectives | chwarddedig chwarddadwy | |||||||
Conjugation (colloquial)
| Inflected colloquial forms | singular | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |
| future | chwertha i, chwerthaf i | chwerthi di | chwerthith o/e/hi, chwerthiff e/hi | chwerthwn ni | chwerthwch chi | chwerthan nhw |
| conditional | chwerthwn i, chwerthswn i | chwerthet ti, chwerthset ti | chwerthai fo/fe/hi, chwerthsai fo/fe/hi | chwerthen ni, chwerthsen ni | chwerthech chi, chwerthsech chi | chwerthen nhw, chwerthsen nhw |
| preterite | chwerthais i, chwerthes i | chwerthaist ti, chwerthest ti | chwerthodd o/e/hi | chwerthon ni | chwerthoch chi | chwerthon nhw |
| imperative | — | chwertha | — | — | chwerthwch | — |
| Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. | ||||||
Conjugation (colloquial)
| Inflected colloquial forms | singular | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |
| future | chwerthina i, chwerthinaf i | chwerthini di | chwerthinith o/e/hi, chwerthiniff e/hi | chwerthinwn ni | chwerthinwch chi | chwerthinan nhw |
| conditional | chwerthinwn i, chwerthinswn i | chwerthinet ti, chwerthinset ti | chwerthinai fo/fe/hi, chwerthinsai fo/fe/hi | chwerthinen ni, chwerthinsen ni | chwerthinech chi, chwerthinsech chi | chwerthinen nhw, chwerthinsen nhw |
| preterite | chwerthinais i, chwerthines i | chwerthinaist ti, chwerthinest ti | chwerthinodd o/e/hi | chwerthinon ni | chwerthinoch chi | chwerthinon nhw |
| imperative | — | chwerthina | — | — | chwerthinwch | — |
| Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. | ||||||
References
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “chwerthin”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
- Matasović, Ranko (2009) Etymological Dictionary of Proto-Celtic (Leiden Indo-European Etymological Dictionary Series; 9), Leiden: Brill, →ISBN, page 361
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