caler
See also: Caler
Aragonese
Pronunciation
- IPA: [ka'le(ɾ)]
Verb
caler
- to be necessary
- Mi mai diz que cal que fez el minchar pa manyana
- My mom says that it's necessary that you cook the food for tomorrow.
Alternative forms
- calre (Ribagorçan)
Catalan
Pronunciation
Verb
caler (third-person only, third-person singular present cal, third-person singular preterite calgué, past participle calgut)
- Alternative form of caldre
Conjugation
| infinitive | caler | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| gerund | calent | ||||||
| past participle | masculine | feminine | |||||
| singular | calgut | calguda | |||||
| plural | calguts | calgudes | |||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | jo | tu | ell/ella vostè |
nosaltres nós |
vosaltres vós |
ells/elles vostès | |
| present | — | — | cal | — | — | calen | |
| imperfect | — | — | calia | — | — | calien | |
| future | — | — | caldrà | — | — | caldran | |
| preterite | — | — | calgué | — | — | calgueren | |
| conditional | — | — | caldria | — | — | caldrien | |
| subjunctive | jo | tu | ell/ella vostè |
nosaltres nós |
vosaltres vós |
ells/elles vostès | |
| present | — | — | calgui | — | — | calguin | |
| imperfect | — | — | calgués | — | — | calguessin | |
| imperative | — | tu | vostè | nosaltres | vosaltres vós |
vostès | |
| affirmative | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
| negative (no) | — | — | — | — | — | — | |
French
Etymology
Borrowed from Old Occitan calar, from Ancient Greek χαλάω (khaláō).
Pronunciation
- IPA(key): /ka.le/
Audio (file) Audio (CAN) (file)
Verb
caler
- (transitive) to wedge (open) (a door)
- (transitive) to jam (machinery etc.), to stall (an engine)
- (intransitive) to stall (of driver, engine)
- (transitive) to fill (someone) up
- (intransitive, colloquial) (of person eating) to give up, be full
- (transitive) to synchronize
- (Quebec, transitive) to chug (an alcoholic beverage)
- (Quebec, transitive) to be bald or balding, to go or be going bald
Conjugation
Conjugation of caler (see also Appendix:French verbs)
| infinitive | simple | caler | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| compound | avoir + past participle | ||||||
| present participle or gerund1 | simple | calant /ka.lɑ̃/ | |||||
| compound | ayant + past participle | ||||||
| past participle | calé /ka.le/ | ||||||
| singular | plural | ||||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | je (j’) | tu | il, elle, on | nous | vous | ils, elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | cale /kal/ |
cales /kal/ |
cale /kal/ |
calons /ka.lɔ̃/ |
calez /ka.le/ |
calent /kal/ |
| imperfect | calais /ka.lɛ/ |
calais /ka.lɛ/ |
calait /ka.lɛ/ |
calions /ka.ljɔ̃/ |
caliez /ka.lje/ |
calaient /ka.lɛ/ | |
| past historic2 | calai /ka.le/ |
calas /ka.la/ |
cala /ka.la/ |
calâmes /ka.lam/ |
calâtes /ka.lat/ |
calèrent /ka.lɛʁ/ | |
| future | calerai /kal.ʁe/ |
caleras /kal.ʁa/ |
calera /kal.ʁa/ |
calerons /kal.ʁɔ̃/ |
calerez /kal.ʁe/ |
caleront /kal.ʁɔ̃/ | |
| conditional | calerais /kal.ʁɛ/ |
calerais /kal.ʁɛ/ |
calerait /kal.ʁɛ/ |
calerions /ka.lə.ʁjɔ̃/ |
caleriez /ka.lə.ʁje/ |
caleraient /kal.ʁɛ/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
present perfect | present indicative of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | imperfect indicative of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior2 | past historic of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | future of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | conditional of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que je (j’) | que tu | qu’il, qu’elle | que nous | que vous | qu’ils, qu’elles | |
| (simple tenses) |
present | cale /kal/ |
cales /kal/ |
cale /kal/ |
calions /ka.ljɔ̃/ |
caliez /ka.lje/ |
calent /kal/ |
| imperfect2 | calasse /ka.las/ |
calasses /ka.las/ |
calât /ka.la/ |
calassions /ka.la.sjɔ̃/ |
calassiez /ka.la.sje/ |
calassent /ka.las/ | |
| (compound tenses) |
past | present subjunctive of avoir + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect2 | imperfect subjunctive of avoir + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | – | – | – | ||||
| simple | — | cale /kal/ |
— | calons /ka.lɔ̃/ |
calez /ka.le/ |
— | |
| compound | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | simple imperative of avoir + past participle | — | |
| 1 The French gerund is usable only with the preposition en. | |||||||
2 In less formal writing or speech, these tenses may be found to have been replaced in the following way:
(Christopher Kendris [1995], Master the Basics: French, pp. 77, 78, 79, 81). | |||||||
Further reading
- “caler”, in Trésor de la langue française informatisé [Digitized Treasury of the French Language], 2012.
Latin
Occitan
Etymology
From Old Occitan caler, from Latin calēre, present active infinitive of caleō. Compare French chaloir, Franco-Provençal chalêr, Catalan caldre, caler and Aragonese caler.
Pronunciation
(file)
Conjugation
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Lengadocian (Central Occitan)| simple | compound | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| infinitive | caler | aver calgut | |||||
| gerund | calent | use gerund of aver + past participle | |||||
| past participle | calgut | — | |||||
| person | singular | plural | |||||
| first | second | third | first | second | third | ||
| indicative | ieu | tu | el | nosautres | vosautres | eles | |
| present | — | — | — | cal | — | — | |
| imperfect | — | — | — | caliá | — | — | |
| preterite | — | — | — | calrà | — | — | |
| future | — | — | — | calguèt | — | — | |
| conditional | — | — | — | calriá | — | — | |
| conditional 2nd form1 | — | {{{50}}} | {{{51}}} | {{{52}}} | {{{53}}} | {{{54}}} | |
| compound tenses |
present perfect | use the present tense of aver + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | use the imperfect tense of aver + past participle | ||||||
| past anterior | use the preterite tense of aver + past participle | ||||||
| future perfect | use the future tense of aver + past participle | ||||||
| conditional perfect | use the conditional tense of aver + past participle | ||||||
| subjunctive | que ieu | que tu | que el | que nosautres | que vosautres | que eles | |
| present | — | — | — | calga | — | — | |
| imperfect | — | — | — | calguèsse | — | — | |
| compound tenses |
past | use the present subjunctive of aver + past participle | |||||
| pluperfect | use the imperfect subjunctive of aver + past participle | ||||||
| imperative | — | tu | — | nosautres | vosautres | — | |
| — | — | — | 1Now chiefly obsolete, still in use in some Limousin and Vivaro-Alpin dialects | ||||
References
- Patric Guilhemjoan, Diccionari elementari occitan-francés francés-occitan (gascon), 2005, Orthez, per noste, 2005, →ISBN, page 41.
Old Occitan
Verb
caler
- (reflexive, se caler) to care about; to be concerned about
- 12th century, Bernard de Ventadour, Lo gens tems de pascor
- Ela.m ditz no m'en chal.
- She says it to me; I don't care
- 12th century, Bernard de Ventadour, Lo gens tems de pascor
References
- Walther von Wartburg (1928–2002) “calēre”, in Französisches Etymologisches Wörterbuch (in German), volume 2: C Q K, page 83
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