afradu
Welsh
Etymology
afrad (“prodigality, wastefulness”) + -u
Pronunciation
- (North Wales) IPA(key): /avˈradɨ̞/
- (South Wales) IPA(key): /avˈra(ː)di/
Verb
afradu (first-person singular present afradaf)
- to waste, to squander
- Synonyms: afradloni, bradu, gwastraffu
Conjugation
Conjugation (literary)
| singular | plural | impersonal | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |||
| present indicative/future | afradaf | afredi | afrada | afradwn | afredwch, afradwch | afradant | afredir | |
| imperfect (indicative/subjunctive)/ conditional |
afradwn | afradit | afradai | afradem | afradech | afradent | afredid | |
| preterite | afredais | afredaist | afradodd | afradasom | afradasoch | afradasant | afradwyd | |
| pluperfect | afradaswn | afradasit | afradasai | afradasem | afradasech | afradasent | afradasid, afradesid | |
| present subjunctive | afradwyf | afredych | afrado | afradom | afradoch | afradont | afrader | |
| imperative | — | afrada | afraded | afradwn | afredwch, afradwch | afradent | afrader | |
| verbal noun | afradu | |||||||
| verbal adjectives | afradedig afradadwy | |||||||
Conjugation (colloquial)
| Inflected colloquial forms | singular | plural | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| first | second | third | first | second | third | |
| future | afrada i, afradaf i | afradi di | afradith o/e/hi, afradiff e/hi | afradwn ni | afradwch chi | afradan nhw |
| conditional | afradwn i, afradswn i | afradet ti, afradset ti | afradai fo/fe/hi, afradsai fo/fe/hi | afraden ni, afradsen ni | afradech chi, afradsech chi | afraden nhw, afradsen nhw |
| preterite | afradais i, afrades i | afradaist ti, afradest ti | afradodd o/e/hi | afradon ni | afradoch chi | afradon nhw |
| imperative | — | afrada | — | — | afradwch | — |
| Note: All other forms are periphrastic, as usual in colloquial Welsh. | ||||||
Derived terms
- bradu (“to waste, to squander”)
Mutation
| Welsh mutation | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| radical | soft | nasal | h-prothesis |
| afradu | unchanged | unchanged | hafradu |
| Note: Some of these forms may be hypothetical. Not every possible mutated form of every word actually occurs. | |||
References
- R. J. Thomas, G. A. Bevan, P. J. Donovan, A. Hawke et al., editors (1950–present), “afradu”, in Geiriadur Prifysgol Cymru Online (in Welsh), University of Wales Centre for Advanced Welsh & Celtic Studies
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