憑

See also: 凭 and 凴

憑	U+6191, 憑 CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-6191

← 憐
[U+6190]

CJK Unified Ideographs

憒 →
[U+6192]

Translingual

Han character

憑 (Kangxi radical 61, 心+12, 16 strokes, cangjie input 戈火心 (IFP), four-corner 3133₂, composition ⿱馮心)

Derived characters

𧂋

Related characters

凭 (Simplified form of 憑)

References

Kangxi Dictionary: page 402, character 16
Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 11210
Dae Jaweon: page 742, character 18
Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 4, page 2351, character 2
Unihan data for U+6191

Chinese

Glyph origin

Characters in the same phonetic series (仌) (Zhengzhang, 2003)

	Old Chinese
冫	*prɯŋ
冰	pŋrɯŋ, ŋrɯŋ
砅	pʰrɯŋ, rads
馮	brɯŋ, bɯŋ
憑	*bɯŋ

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *bɯŋ) : phonetic 馮 (OC *brɯŋ, *bɯŋ) + semantic 心.

Etymology 1

trad.		憑
simp.		凭
alternative forms		凴／凭凭 “to lean on; to depend on”

Pronunciation

Mandarin
(Pinyin): píng (ping²)

(Zhuyin): ㄆㄧㄥˊ
Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): pang⁴

(Taishan, Wiktionary): pang³
Hakka
(Sixian, PFS): phìn

(Meixian, Guangdong): pin²
Jin (Wiktionary): bing²
Eastern Min (BUC): bìng
Southern Min
(Hokkien, POJ): pîn / pêng

(Teochew, Peng'im): pêng⁵ / bêng⁵

Mandarin
- (Standard Chinese)⁺
  - Hanyu Pinyin: píng
  - Zhuyin: ㄆㄧㄥˊ
  - Tongyong Pinyin: píng
  - Wade–Giles: pʻing²
  - Yale: píng
  - Gwoyeu Romatzyh: pyng
  - Palladius: пин (pin)
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰiŋ³⁵/
Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: pang⁴
  - Yale: pàhng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: pang⁴
  - Guangdong Romanization: peng⁴
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰɐŋ²¹/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: pang³
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰaŋ²²/
Hakka
- (Sixian, incl. Miaoli and Meinong)
  - Pha̍k-fa-sṳ: phìn
  - Hakka Romanization System: pinˇ
  - Hagfa Pinyim: pin²
  - Sinological IPA: /pʰin¹¹/
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: pin²
  - Sinological IPA: /pʰin¹¹/
Jin
- (Taiyuan)⁺
  - Wiktionary: bing²
  - Sinological IPA (old-style): /pĩŋ⁵³/
Eastern Min
- (Fuzhou)
  - Bàng-uâ-cê: bìng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /piŋ⁵³/
Southern Min
- (Hokkien)
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī: pîn / pêng
  - Tâi-lô: pîn / pîng
  - Phofsit Daibuun: piin, peeng
  - IPA (Xiamen): /pin²⁴/, /piɪŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Quanzhou): /pin²⁴/, /piɪŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Zhangzhou): /pin¹³/, /piɪŋ¹³/
  - IPA (Taipei): /pin²⁴/, /piɪŋ²⁴/
  - IPA (Kaohsiung): /pin²³/, /piɪŋ²³/

Note:

pîn - vernacular;
pêng - literary.

- (Teochew)
  - Peng'im: pêng⁵ / bêng⁵
  - Pe̍h-ōe-jī-like: phêng / pêng
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰeŋ⁵⁵/, /peŋ⁵⁵/

Middle Chinese: bing

Rime
Character	憑
Reading #	1/1
Initial (聲)	並 (3)
Final (韻)	蒸 (133)
Tone (調)	Level (Ø)
Openness (開合)	Open
Division (等)	III
Fanqie	扶冰切
Baxter	bing
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang Shangfang	/bɨŋ/
Pan Wuyun	/bɨŋ/
Shao Rongfen	/bieŋ/
Edwin Pulleyblank	/biŋ/
Li Rong	/biəŋ/
Wang Li	/bĭəŋ/
Bernard Karlgren	/bʱi̯əŋ/
Expected Mandarin Reflex	píng
Expected Cantonese Reflex	ping⁴

Old Chinese
(Baxter–Sagart): /*[b]rəŋ/

(Zhengzhang): /*bɯŋ/

Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character	憑
Reading #	1/1
Modern Beijing (Pinyin)	píng
Middle Chinese	‹ bing ›
Old Chinese	/*[b]rəŋ/
English	lean on
Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system: * Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence; * Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. [t] as coda may in fact be -t or -p; Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix; * Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary; * Period "." indicates syllable boundary.

Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character	憑
Reading #	1/1
No.	859
Phonetic component	仌
Rime group	蒸
Rime subdivision	0
Corresponding MC rime	凭
Old Chinese	/*bɯŋ/

Definitions

憑

to lean on; to lean against
- 獨自莫憑欄，無限江山。 [Classical Chinese, trad.]
  独自莫凭栏，无限江山。 [Classical Chinese, simp.]
  From: 10th century CE, Li Yu, 浪淘沙令·簾外雨潺潺
  Dúzì mò píng lán, wúxiàn jiāngshān. [Pinyin]
  (please add an English translation of this usage example)
to depend on; to rely on
(colloquial) no matter
on the basis of; according to; by
proof; evidence
(literary) to request
Alternative form of 馮／冯 (“to wade across a river”)

Synonyms

(to depend on):

仗恃 (zhàngshì) (literary, chiefly derogatory)
仰仗 (yǎngzhàng)
仰賴／仰赖 (yǎnglài)
依 (yī)
依仗 (yīzhàng)
依倚 (Hokkien)
依恃 (yīshì) (literary)
依歸／依归 (yīguī) (literary)
依託／依托 (yītuō)
依賴／依赖 (yīlài)
依附 (yīfù)
依靠 (yīkào)
倚仗 (yǐzhàng)
倚倚 (Xiamen Hokkien, Zhangzhou Hokkien)
借助 (jièzhù)
倚賴／倚赖 (yǐlài)
倚靠 (yǐkào)
寄 (jì)
展品棒 (Zhangzhou Hokkien)
怙恃 (hùshì) (literary)
憑仗／凭仗 (píngzhàng)
憑依／凭依 (píngyī)
憑借／凭借 (píngjiè)
憑恃／凭恃 (píngshì)
憑靠／凭靠 (píngkào)
指 (zhǐ)
據／据
歸依／归依 (guīyī) (literary)
聊 (liáo) (formal)
賴／赖 (lài) (literary, or in compounds only)

(no matter):

不常在 (Taiwanese Hokkien)
不拘 (bùjū)
不管 (bùguǎn)
不論／不论 (bùlùn)
任憑／任凭 (rènpíng)
別管／别管 (biéguǎn)
勿怪 (⁸veq-kua) (Wu)
勿管 (⁸veq-kuoe) (Wu)
勿論／勿论 (⁸veq-len) (Wu)
毋管
無管／无管 (wúguǎn) (literary or Min Nan)
無論／无论 (wúlùn)
隨便／随便 (suíbiàn)

(on the basis of):

依 (yī)
依據／依据 (yījù)
依照 (yīzhào)
憑借／凭借 (píngjiè)
按 (àn)
按照 (ànzhào)
據／据
本著／本着 (běnzhe)
根據／根据 (gēnjù)

(proof):

佐證／佐证 (zuǒzhèng)
例證／例证 (lìzhèng)
信 (literary, or in compounds)
信據／信据 (xìnjù) (literary, reliable evidence)
力證／力证 (lìzhèng) (strong evidence)
印證／印证 (yìnzhèng)
實證／实证 (shízhèng) (concrete evidence)
干證 (Hokkien)
憑信／凭信 (píngxìn)
憑據／凭据 (píngjù)
憑條／凭条 (Min Nan)
憑證／凭证 (píngzhèng)
據／据 (literary, or in compounds)
論證／论证 (lùnzhèng)
證／证 (zhèng)
證據／证据 (zhèngjù)
證明／证明 (zhèngmíng)
證見／证见 (Hokkien, literary)

(to request):

乞丐 (qǐgài) (archaic)
乞憐／乞怜 (qǐlián) (to beg for pity)
乞求 (qǐqiú)
哀告 (āigào)
哀求 (āiqiú)
央告 (yānggào)
央求 (yāngqiú)
懇求／恳求 (kěnqiú)
懇請／恳请 (kěnqǐng)
求 (qiú)
沽情 (Hokkien)
煩請／烦请 (fánqǐng) (honorific, polite)
祈求 (qíqiú) (to pray for)
祈祝 (qízhù) (literary)
祝禱／祝祷 (zhùdǎo) (literary)
要求 (yāoqiú)
請／请
請求／请求 (qǐngqiú)

Compounds

不足為憑／不足为凭 (bùzúwéipíng)
任憑／任凭 (rènpíng)
依憑／依凭 (yīpíng)
債權憑證／债权凭证
公憑／公凭
受益憑證／受益凭证
口說無憑／口说无凭 (kǒushuōwúpíng)
各憑本事／各凭本事
單憑／单凭
執憑文帖／执凭文帖
專賣憑證／专卖凭证
憑仗／凭仗 (píngzhàng)
憑依／凭依 (píngyī)
憑信／凭信 (píngxìn)
憑借／凭借 (píngjiè)
憑倚／凭倚
憑准
憑券／凭券
憑單／凭单 (píngdān)
憑噫／凭噫
憑媒說合／凭媒说合
憑山俯海／凭山俯海
憑弔／凭吊 (píngdiào)
憑心／凭心
憑恃／凭恃 (píngshì)
憑摺／凭折
憑據／凭据 (píngjù)
憑桌／凭桌
憑欄／凭栏 (pínglán)
憑河暴虎／凭河暴虎
憑準／凭准 (píngzhǔn)
憑照／凭照
憑眺／凭眺
憑票／凭票
憑空／凭空 (píngkōng)
憑空捏造／凭空捏造
憑空杜撰
憑肩／凭肩
憑脈／凭脉
憑良心說／凭良心说
憑著／凭著
憑藉／凭借 (píngjiè)
憑虛／凭虚
憑虛公子／凭虚公子
憑虛構象／凭虚构象
憑證／凭证 (píngzhèng)
憑軾／凭轼
憑闌／凭阑
憑陵／凭陵
憑險／凭险
憑驗／凭验
憑高／凭高
憑高望遠／凭高望远
戴憑奪席／戴凭夺席
戴憑重席／戴凭重席
文憑／文凭 (wénpíng)
有憑有據／有凭有据
有證為憑／有证为凭
無憑／无凭
狐憑鼠伏／狐凭鼠伏
白憑無故／白凭无故
真憑實據／真凭实据 (zhēnpíngshíjù)
空口無憑／空口无凭 (kōngkǒuwúpíng)
聽憑／听凭 (tīngpíng)
聽憑尊便／听凭尊便 (tīngpíngzūnbiàn)
鼠憑社貴／鼠凭社贵

Descendants

Sino-Xenic (憑):

→ Vietnamese: bằng (憑)

Etymology 2

trad.		憑
simp.		凭

Pronunciation

Cantonese
(Guangzhou–Hong Kong, Jyutping): bang⁶

(Taishan, Wiktionary): bang⁵
Hakka (Meixian, Guangdong): bên⁴

Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: bang⁶
  - Yale: bahng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: bang⁶
  - Guangdong Romanization: beng⁶
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pɐŋ²²/
- (Taishanese, Taicheng)
  - Wiktionary: bang⁵
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /paŋ³²/
Hakka
- (Meixian)
  - Guangdong: bên⁴
  - Sinological IPA: /pɛn⁵³/

Definitions

憑

(Cantonese, Hakka) to lean against

Compounds

憑企／凭企
挨挨憑憑／挨挨凭凭

Pronunciation

trad.		憑
simp.		凭
alternative forms		屏拼

Cantonese (Jyutping): peng¹

Cantonese
- (Standard Cantonese, Guangzhou–Hong Kong)⁺
  - Jyutping: peng¹
  - Yale: pēng
  - Cantonese Pinyin: peng¹
  - Guangdong Romanization: péng¹
  - Sinological IPA ^(key): /pʰɛːŋ⁵⁵/

Definitions

憑 (Cantonese)

back (of a chair); backrest

Compounds

凳憑／凳凭
挨憑椅／挨凭椅
椅憑／椅凭

Japanese

Kanji

憑

(uncommon “Hyōgai” kanji)

to lean on
to depend on
(of a spirit) to possess

Readings

Go-on: びょう (byō)
Kan-on: ひょう (hyō)
Kun: よる (yoru, 憑る); たのむ (tanomu, 憑む); つく (tsuku, 憑く)

Compounds

憑依(ひょうい) (hyōi): spirit possession
信憑性(しんぴょうせい) (shinpyōsei): credibility

Korean

Etymology

From Middle Chinese 憑 (MC bing).

Hanja

憑 (eumhun 기댈 빙 (gidael bing))

Hanja form^? of 빙 (“lean”).

Compounds

빙자 (憑藉, bingja, “reliance; excuse”)
증빙 (證憑, jeungbing, “evidence; proof”)
빙의 (憑依, bing'ui, “spirit possession”)
빙거 (憑據, binggeo, “evidence; proof”)
신빙 (信憑, sinbing, “credence”)
신빙성 (信憑性, sinbingseong, “credibility”)

References

국제퇴계학회 대구경북지부 (國際退溪學會大邱慶北支部) (2007). Digital Hanja Dictionary, 전자사전／電子字典.

Vietnamese

Han character

憑: Hán Nôm readings: bằng

equal, even

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