凍

See also: 冻
凍 U+51CD, 凍
CJK UNIFIED IDEOGRAPH-51CD
← 凌
[U+51CC] 		CJK Unified Ideographs 凎 →
[U+51CE]

Translingual
Stroke order

Han character

凍 (Kangxi radical 15, 冫+8, 10 strokes, cangjie input 戈一木田 (IMDW), four-corner 35196, composition ⿰冫東)

Derived characters
  • 𢟞

References
  • Kangxi Dictionary: page 132, character 46
  • Dai Kanwa Jiten: character 1670
  • Dae Jaweon: page 297, character 2
  • Hanyu Da Zidian (first edition): volume 1, page 298, character 7
  • Unihan data for U+51CD

Chinese
trad. 凍
simp. 冻

Glyph origin
Characters in the same phonetic series (東) (Zhengzhang, 2003) 
Old Chinese
東 *toːŋ
菄 *toːŋ
鶇 *toːŋ
倲 *toːŋ
涷 *toːŋ, *toːŋs
蝀 *toːŋ, *toːŋʔ
凍 *toːŋ, *toːŋs
鯟 *toːŋ
崠 *toːŋ
埬 *toːŋ
棟 *toːŋs

Phono-semantic compound (形聲／形声, OC *toːŋ, *toːŋs) : semantic 冫 + phonetic 東 (OC *toːŋ).

Pronunciation

Note:
  • tàng - vernacular;
  • tòng - literary.
    Note:
    • dang3 - vernacular;
    • dong3 - literary.
      • Wu
        • (Shanghai):
          • Wugniu: 5ton
          • MiniDict: ton去
          • Wiktionary Romanisation (Shanghai): 2ton
          • Sinological IPA (Shanghai): /toŋ³⁴/
Rime
Character 凍 凍
Reading # 1/2 2/2
Initial (聲) 端 (5) 端 (5)
Final (韻) 東 (1) 東 (1)
Tone (調) Level (Ø) Departing (H)
Openness (開合) Open Open
Division (等) I I
Fanqie 德紅切 多貢切
Baxter tuwng tuwngH
Reconstructions
Zhengzhang
Shangfang		 /tuŋ/ /tuŋH/
Pan
Wuyun		 /tuŋ/ /tuŋH/
Shao
Rongfen		 /tuŋ/ /tuŋH/
Edwin
Pulleyblank		 /təwŋ/ /təwŋH/
Li
Rong		 /tuŋ/ /tuŋH/
Wang
Li		 /tuŋ/ /tuŋH/
Bernard
Karlgren		 /tuŋ/ /tuŋH/
Expected
Mandarin
Reflex		 dōng dòng
Expected
Cantonese
Reflex		 dung1 dung3
Baxter–Sagart system 1.1 (2014)
Character 凍
Reading # 1/1
Modern
Beijing
(Pinyin)		 dòng
Middle
Chinese		 ‹ tuwngH ›
Old
Chinese		 /*tˁoŋ-s/
English freeze

Notes for Old Chinese notations in the Baxter–Sagart system:

* Parentheses "()" indicate uncertain presence;
* Square brackets "[]" indicate uncertain identity, e.g. *[t] as coda may in fact be *-t or *-p;
* Angle brackets "<>" indicate infix;
* Hyphen "-" indicates morpheme boundary;

* Period "." indicates syllable boundary.
Zhengzhang system (2003)
Character 凍 凍
Reading # 1/2 2/2
No. 2441 2447
Phonetic
component		 東 東
Rime
group		 東 東
Rime
subdivision		 0 0
Corresponding
MC rime		 東 涷
Old
Chinese		 /*toːŋ/ /*toːŋs/

Definitions

凍

  1. cold; (of weather) chilly
  2. to freeze
  3. jelly
  4. a surname

Synonyms
Dialectal synonyms of 冷 (“cold”) [map]
Variety Location Words
Formal (Written Standard Chinese) 冷, 寒冷 weather
Mandarin Beijing 冷
Taiwan 冷
Yantai (Muping) 冷
Jinan 冷
Luoyang 冷
Wanrong 冷
Xi'an 冷
Yinchuan 冷
Wuhan 冷, 冷凊 weather
Chengdu 冷, 凊 very cold
Guilin 冷
Liuzhou 冷, 凊
Yangzhou 冷
Hefei 冷
Singapore 冷
Cantonese Guangzhou 凍, 冷
Hong Kong 凍, 冷 weather
Taishan 冷
Yangjiang 凍, 冷 weather
Kuala Lumpur (Guangfu) 凍
Singapore (Guangfu) 凍
Ho Chi Minh City (Guangfu) 凍
Gan Nanchang 冷
Lichuan 冷
Hakka Meixian 冷
Miaoli (N. Sixian) 冷, 寒
Pingtung (Neipu; S. Sixian) 冷, 寒人
Hsinchu County (Zhudong; Hailu) 冷
Taichung (Dongshi; Dabu) 冷, 寒
Hsinchu County (Qionglin; Raoping) 冷, 寒
Yunlin (Lunbei; Zhao'an) 冷, 寒
Huizhou Jixi 冷, 凍
Jin Taiyuan 冷
Northern Min Jian'ou 凊, 鎮 very cold
Eastern Min Fuzhou 凊, 凍
Southern Min Xiamen 冷, 凊, 寒 weather
Quanzhou 冷, 凊, 寒
Shishi 寒
Zhangzhou 冷, 凊, 寒
Zhao'an 寒
Dongshan 寒
Taipei 冷, 凊, 寒
Penang (Hokkien) 冷, 寒 weather, 凊
Singapore (Hokkien) 冷, 寒 weather
Manila (Hokkien) 冷, 寒, 凊
Chaozhou 凝, 寒 weather, 凊
Shantou 凝, 寒, 凊, 冷
Shantou (Chenghai) 凝, 凊
Shantou (Chaoyang) 凝
Jieyang 凝, 凊
Singapore (Teochew) 凝
Wenchang 寒
Qionghai 寒
Singapore (Hainanese) 凊, 寒 weather
Wu Shanghai 冷
Shanghai (Chongming) 冷
Suzhou 冷, 凍 weather
Danyang 冷
Hangzhou 冷
Ningbo 冷
Wenzhou 冷, 凍
Lishui 冷
Jinhua 冷
Yushan 凊
Xiang Changsha 冷, 凊 very cold
Shuangfeng 冷, 凊 very cold

Compounds

Descendants
  • → Old Turkic: dong (frozen)
    • Old Turkic: dong- (to freeze)
    • Turkish: donmak
    • Azerbaijani: donmaq
    • Turkmen: doňmak
      • Turkmen: doň ýürek (coldhearted)

Japanese

Kanji
凍

(common “Jōyō” kanji)

  1. frozen

Readings

Compounds

Korean

Hanja

凍 (eumhun 얼 동 (eol dong))

  1. Hanja form? of 동 (“freeze”).
  2. Hanja form? of 동 (“cold, congeal”).
  3. Hanja form? of 동 (“jelly”).

Vietnamese

Han character

凍: Hán Nôm readings: đống, đông, gióng, rúng, đóng

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